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An iOS app for exploring Japanese names with kanji, kana, romaji, meanings, and nuance.
A free daily Japanese lesson in your inbox every morning, with word breakdowns, audio, and cultural
Autocracy and Consensus: Aspects of Hōjō Rule in Japan’s First Shogunate JREF
Christian Werner, in: Die ‚Alleinherrschaft’ der russischen Zaren in der ‚Zeit der Wirren‘
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334
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Uesugi Kiyoko (1270–1342) was the mother of the founder of the Ashikaga shogunate, Takauji.
income tax filing and Year-end Tax Adjustment in Japan
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1,860
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Winning Isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling JREF
Duggan, Mark, and Steven D. Levitt. 2002. "Winning Isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling ."
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752
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Learn Japanese 2023-03-01
An application that allows practicing Japanese conversations with an AI
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1,548
Updated
Tōkeiji's Business: the Agency of Nuns in the Early Modern Period JREF
Tōkeiji's Business: the Agency of Nuns in the Early Modern Period
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1,414
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Kanji Breakthrough JREF
Kanji Breakthrough 2022-03-14
A download of Mary’s “Kanji Breakthrough,” a series of lessons originally published in 2007.
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1,661
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JREF
Updated
15 min read
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43
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Azai Nagamasa (浅井長政, 1545–1573) was the last head of the Azai clan (浅井氏), a Sengoku-period daimyō who ruled northern Ōmi Province from Odani Castle (小谷城). Remembered as both the brother-in-law and one of the fiercest opponents of Oda Nobunaga (織田信長, 1534–1582), he occupies a distinctive place in...
JREF
23 min read
Views
50
The Battle of Nomoto (野本合戦) was fought in the second month of Jōhei 5 (承平5年, 935) between the forces of Taira no Masakado (平将門, 903–940) and Minamoto no Tasuku (源扶), eldest son of the former governor Minamoto no Mamoru (源護). Fought near Nomoto (野本) on the border of Hitachi Province (常陸国) and...
JREF
Updated
5 min read
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9,732
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Tōkyō Travel Guide: Kanda Myōjin Shrine Kanda Shrine (神田神社 Kanda-jinja), officially known as Kanda Myōjin (神田明神), is located in Chiyoda Ward, Tōkyō, and ranks among the oldest shrines in the Kantō region. It was the main tutelary shrine of Edo, venerated by the edokko (江戸っ子), the inhabitants of...
Hiroto Uehara
6 min read
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48
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Nihonmatsu Castle (二本松城), also known as Kasumigajō (霞ヶ城, "Misty Castle"), is a Japanese hilltop castle in present-day Nihonmatsu, Fukushima Prefecture. Built atop Shiro-yama (城山), it occupied a strategically important position overlooking the route through central Fukushima. It served as the...
JREF
Updated
14 min read
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1,370
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The ritsuryō (律令) system was the legal and administrative system that governed Japan from the late seventh century to the early Heian period. Based on Chinese models, particularly those of the Tang dynasty, it combined a comprehensive criminal code (ritsu) with an administrative code (ryō)...
History Shizoku 士族
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Updated
19 min read
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5,461
The shizoku (士族) were the descendants of Japan's former samurai class who retained a distinct legal status after the Meiji Restoration. Established in 1869 as part of the new government's sweeping social reforms, the category encompassed most former warriors who were not elevated to the new...
JREF
Updated
3 min read
Views
15,656
Godai Tomoatsu (五代友厚, 1836-1885), also known as Godai Saisuke, was born in the castle town of Kagoshima, Satsuma domain (modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture), as the second son of Takashi Shigeru Saemon (左衛門秀尭), a local magistrate holding the hereditary title of atai (直, regional administrator) and...
JREF
Updated
2 min read
Views
12,306
Chōshū samurai and senior Meiji politicianInoue Kaoru (井上薫, 1836-1915) was a senior member of the genrō, the political oligarchy of the Meiji period and yielded significant influence over the policies and political decisions of Meiji-era Japan. He was born into a gōshi (郷士, lower-ranking...
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JREF
Updated
4 min read
Views
7,989
The Father of Japanese Capitalism Shibusawa Eiichi. entrepreneur and business leader during the Meiji and Taishō periods Shibusawa Eiichi (渋沢 栄一, 1840-1931) was born in the village of Chiaraijima in modern-day Saitama Prefecture. Although Shibusawa's family consisted of small farmers with only...
History The Han System
JREF
Updated
21 min read
Views
1,597
A han (藩), commonly translated as a "domain", was the territory and governing organisation of a daimyō during the Edo period (1603–1868). Although the term is now firmly established in Japanese historiography, it was not the official designation used by the Tokugawa shogunate itself. Instead...

Latest journal entries

thomas
6 min read
Views
848
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4
Culture
Last Wednesday, I finally managed to find enough time to visit one of the most fascinating special exhibitions of the year at the Tōkyō National Museum in Ueno: "The Maeda: Legacy of a Prosperous Samurai Family." Most of the exhibits are normally displayed in Kanazawa, while museums and...
thomas
3 min read
Views
588
Travel & Nature
We'd passed through the Oyamada district of Machida countless times, burning rubber on our road bikes. Today, by sheer coincidence, we took a different turn and found this hidden gem of a temple. Oyamada was the family name of a local clan that controlled territory in modern-day Machida and...
thomas
4 min read
Views
636
Reaction score
2
Travel & Nature
When we first visited Himeji Castle in December 2013, we were rather disappointed to discover that it was undergoing major restoration work, with the main keep and several other structures hidden behind enormous scaffolding erected to protect the donjon and its roofs from the elements. Little...
thomas
Updated
3 min read
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4K
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1
Travel & Nature
Local sights and landmarks: Sakunobe Castle. Sakunobe Castle (作延城 Sakunobe-jō) was a flat mountain castle (平山城 hirayamajō) in present-day Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, allegedly constructed by Inage Saburō Shigenari (稲毛三郎重成), a member of the Oyamada clan in the early Kamakura period...
LightBluzz
3 min read
Views
2K
Blogroll
From Leather Imitations to Global Luxury Japanese wallpaper tells a story that most people never hear. While we're familiar with zen gardens and tea ceremonies, the art of decorating walls has quietly shaped Japanese interiors for generations, evolving through political upheaval, economic...
thomas
4 min read
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3K
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7
Travel & Nature
The Miura Peninsula (三浦半島 Miura-hantō), nestled in southern Kanagawa, is renowned for its stunning coastal landscapes, rich history, and delectable seafood. Its picturesque beaches, rugged cliffs, and charming little harbours offer a serene escape from urban life. Historical cities like...
Mikawa Ossan
2 min read
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5K
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19
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10
Blogroll
Some may recall that I left Japan due to concerns of my father's health at the time. He had cancer (again), and had a severe stroke not long before. It seemed that it was time for him to cast aside his mortal coil and leave this Earth. However, Fate had other plans in mind, thankfully. That...
CalixBooks
2 min read
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2K
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1
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1
Blogroll
I bought this Japanese Censor here in New England and when I researched the silversmith, Paris France, they were in business from 1880's to about the 1900's and then no longer existed. What's interesting about the piece is the color combination and the artwork on the piece. Japanese export...
Mikawa Ossan
3 min read
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3K
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6
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5
Blogroll
I used to have a breadmaker in Japan that I had picked up when someone threw it away. Other than the vent's grill on the top being cracked and missing part of the grill, the breadmaker was perfectly fine. All you had to do was measure out the ingredients, put them in the machine in the proper...
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Haruto Uzumaki
5 min read
3.00 star(s) 2 ratings
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9K
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6
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5
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1
Life in Japan
As you might know, kabukicho can be a little different compared to the rest of Tokyo and most of Japan. In a way, I decided to use that to my advantage and spent quite some time there (not buying any special services there though 🤨). Because of my frequency around the area, I can recall various...

Latest items

JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
52
Reviews
1
A limited-edition Junmai Ginjō brewed with Yamagata's Haenuki rice and bottled as an unfiltered, unpasteurised, undiluted sake. Part of Eikō Fuji's STARS summer series, it takes its inspiration from a shooting star crossing the summer sky.
Prefecture
Yamagata (山形)
Rice type
Haenuki (はえぬき)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
60%
Alcohol content
16.5%
SMV
-8.0
Acidity
1.4
Amino acid level
0.7
Brewery
Fuji Shuzō
Name in Japanese
冨士酒造
Address
〒997-1124 3-32-48 Ōyama, Tsuruoka, Yamagata
Phone
0235-33-3200
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
81
Reviews
1
Kenshin Junmai Ginjō Yūsuzumi Muroka Namagenshu is Ikedaya Shuzō's annual summer limited release, usually appearing in late May or early June.
Prefecture
Niigata (新潟)
Rice type
Gohyakumangoku (五百万石)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
+4
Alcohol content
17%
SMV
+4.0
Acidity
1.3
Brewery
Ikedaya Shuzō
Name in Japanese
池田屋酒造
Address
1-3-4 Shintetsu, Itoigawa, Niigata 941-0065, Japan
Phone
025-552-0011
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
89
Reviews
1
Seikyō Junmai Chōkarakuchi is a pasteurised Junmai sake brewed by Nakao Brewery in Hiroshima using Shinsenbon rice polished to 65%. Fermented with Kanazawa K1401 yeast, it has an alcohol content of 16%, an SMV of +8, and an acidity of 1.5.
Prefecture
Hiroshima (広島)
Rice type
Shinsenbon (新千本)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
65%
Alcohol content
16%
SMV
+8.0
Acidity
1.5
Brewery
Nakao Shuzō
Name in Japanese
中尾醸造
Address
5-9-14 Chūō, Takehara, Hiroshima 725-0026
Phone
0846-22-2035
Website
JREF
5.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
109
Reviews
1
Kariho Rokushū Kassei Junmaishu (刈穂 六舟 活性純米酒) is a naturally sparkling junmai sake brewed to junmai ginjō standards using Sake Komachi rice polished to 50% and Kyōkai No. 901 yeast. Its fine effervescence is created through secondary fermentation in the bottle, the same basic method used in...
Prefecture
Akita (秋田)
Rice type
Sake Komachi (酒こまち)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
50%
Alcohol content
15%
SMV
+2.0
Acidity
1.5
Brewery
Kariho Shuzo
Name in Japanese
刈穂酒造
Address
75 Jinguji aza Jinguji, Daisen, Akita 019-1701, Japan
Phone
0187-72-2311
Website
Online store
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
120
Reviews
1
Ōsakazuki Junmai Ginjō Oguri Kōzuke-no-suke Yukari no Sake is a limited-edition junmai ginjō to commemorate the announcement that Oguri Kōzuke-no-suke Tadamasa, the central figure in the 2027 NHK Taiga drama "The Traitorous Shogunate Retainer".
Prefecture
Gunma (群馬)
Rice type
Tamanae (玉苗)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
60%
Alcohol content
16%
Brewery
Makino Shuzō
Name in Japanese
牧野酒造
Address
2625-1 Gonda, Kurabuchi-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-3401
Phone
027-378-2011
Website
Online store
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
129
Reviews
1
Oniyamma Red Label Nakadori Jikazume Junmai Muroka Genshu (鬼山間 赤ラベル +13 中採り直詰め 純米酒 無濾過原酒) is a limited seasonal release from Niigata Daiichi Shuzō in Jōetsu, Niigata Prefecture. Part of the brewery's Oniyamma series, it is a dry expression produced as a counterpart to the sweeter Yamma range...
Prefecture
Niigata (新潟)
Rice type
Gohyakumangoku (五百万石)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
77%
Alcohol content
18%
SMV
+13%
Brewery
Niigata Daiichi Shuzō
Name in Japanese
新潟第一酒造株式会社
Address
660 Yokokawa, Uragawara-ku, Jōetsu, Niigata 942-0315,
Phone
025-599-2236
Website
JREF
5.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
120
Reviews
1
Jūemon Junmai Muroka Genshu is one of the flagship sake in the Jūemon range produced by Toshimaya Shuzō. Named after the brewery's founder, it is brewed from Hattan Nishiki rice from Hiroshima Prefecture.
Prefecture
Tōkyō (東京)
Rice type
Hattan Nishiki (八反錦)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
55% (Kōjimai), 60% (Kakemai)
Alcohol content
17-18%
SMV
+3.5
Brewery
Toshimaya Shuzō
Name in Japanese
豊島屋酒造
Address
3-14-10 Kumegawa-chō, Higashimurayama-shi, Tōkyō 189-0003
Phone
042-391-0601
Website
Online store
JREF
2.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
119
Reviews
1
Hakushika Junmai Namachōzōshu is a junmai sake produced using the traditional namachōzō method. After brewing, the sake is stored without pasteurisation for a short period to preserve its fresh character.
Prefecture
Hyōgo (兵庫)
Rice type
Domestic rice (国産米)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
70%
Alcohol content
14-15%
SMV
+2.0
Brewery
Tatsuuma Honke Shuzō
Name in Japanese
辰馬本家酒造
Address
2-10 Tateishichō, Nishinomiya, Hyōgo 662-0943
Phone
0798-32-2727
Website
Online store
JREF
5.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
123
Reviews
1
Azakura Junmai Daiginjō Muroka Namagenshu Hyakuden is a limited seasonal release from Akazakura Shuzō in Yokote, Akita Prefecture. It is brewed exclusively from Hyakuden, a sake rice variety developed in Akita Prefecture for local cultivation.
Prefecture
Akita (秋田)
Rice type
Hyakuden (百田)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
50%
Alcohol content
15%
SMV
-1.0
Acidity
1.5
Brewery
Azakura Shuzō
Name in Japanese
阿櫻酒造
Address
67-2 Nishino, Ōsawa, Yokote City, Akita, 013-0041
Phone
0182-32-0126
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
113
Reviews
1
Toshimaya Kinkon Junmai is the standard junmai sake in Toshimaya Shuzō's flagship Kinkon range, one of Tokyo's oldest sake breweries. It is widely served as a celebratory sake to both Meiji Jingū and Kanda Myōjin.
Prefecture
Tōkyō (東京)
Rice type
Koshiibuki (こしいぶき)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
65%
Alcohol content
15-16%
SMV
+1.0
Brewery
Toshimaya Shuzō
Name in Japanese
豊島屋酒造
Address
3-14-10 Kumegawa-chō, Higashimurayama-shi, Tōkyō 189-0003
Phone
042-391-0601
Website
Online store

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JREF
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Pharmaceuticals
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7
Views
1K
Development of tooth regeneration drugs
JREF
Updated
Buddhism
Clicks
7
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303
Sōji-ji (總持寺) is one of two daihonzan (大本山, "head temples") of the Sōtō school of Zen Buddhism.
JREF
Updated
Magazines
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372
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443
Latest economic and political news, travel tips, business etiquette, restaurant, hotel and nightlife guide, sightseeing and shopping
JREF
Updated
Universities
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537
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331
Students Representative Office Modern Japan (SRMJ) offers information and other services related to the studies of Modern Japan at Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf.
JREF
Updated
Talents
Clicks
175
Views
514
MANISH (MANISH / マニッシュ)
JREF
Updated
Accommodation
Clicks
290
Views
169
Hotel New Hankyu Osaka Annex is a modern business hotel in Osaka's Umeda district.
JREF
Updated
Hospitals
Clicks
103
Views
1K
St. Luke's International Hospital (聖路加国際病院) is a general and teaching hospital located in the Tsukiji district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan. First opened in 1902, as a medical mission facility by the Episcopal Church in the United States, the hospital is now one
JREF
Updated
Guest Houses
Clicks
12
Views
605
Family-friendly home in Tokyo with 15 properties on offer. Shelter-in-place staycations for Tokyo residents.
JREF
Updated
Yamaguchi
Clicks
151
Views
339
Scenic pictures of famous areas in Yamaguchi.

Latest items

JREF
Views
223
Minamoto Yoshitsune should not have been a samurai. But his story is a legend in this real-life saga. This epic tale of warriors and bravery, rebellion and revenge, reads like a novel, but it is the true story of the greatest samurai in Japanese history. When Yoshitsune was just a baby, his...
Author
Turner, Pamela S.
Publisher
Charlesbridge
Year of publication
2016
Number of pages
256
Price
USD 9.99
ISBN
978-1580895842
History Sekigahara 1600
JREF
Views
204
Osprey's Campaign title for Sekigahara (1600), which was the most decisive battle in Japanese history. Fought against the ritualised and colourful backdrop of Samurai life, it was the culmination of a long-standing power struggle between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Hashiba Hideyoshi, two of the most...
Author
Anthony J Bryant
Publisher
Osprey Publishing
Year of publication
1995
Number of pages
96
Price
USD 25.00
ISBN
978-1855323957
History Samurai
JREF
Views
212
This groundbreaking book, accompanying a major exhibition at the British Museum, challenges preconceptions of the samurai as a universal icon, tracing their fascinating history from medieval warriors to a global pop culture phenomenon.
Author
Buckland, Rosina/Benesch, Oleg
Publisher
The British Museum Press
Year of publication
2026
Number of pages
304
Price
GBP 40.00
ISBN
9780714137018
JREF
Views
900
An English translation of Shōsetsu Nihonshi (詳説日本史, 日B309), Japan’s most widely trusted high school history textbook, presenting a clear and accessible account of Japan’s past.
Author
佐藤 信 (Editor), 五味 文彦 (Editor), 高埜 利彦 (Editor), 近藤 成一 (Consultant Editor, Translator), 亀井 ダイチ 利永子 (Translator), 亀井 ダイチ アンドリュー (Translator)
Publisher
山川出版社
Year of publication
23 March 2024
Number of pages
512
Price
JPY 3,300
ISBN
978-4634591165
Travel Book Insider's Tokyo
JREF
Views
420
Reaction score
1
Unravels hidden facts, fascinating stories, faces and places of Tokyo's ancient history and vibrant present
Author
Angela Jeffs
Publisher
Times Books International
Year of publication
2001
Number of pages
280
Price
JPY 1,406 (Amazon)
ISBN
978-9812049117
JREF
Views
1K
This book is an introduction to significant people and events - cultural, social, political, and historical - spanning the beginning of the Kamakura period in 1185 through the end of the Edo (Tokugawa) period in 1868.
Author
WIlliam E. Deal
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Year of publication
October 3, 2007 (paperback)
Number of pages
415
Price
£23.99
ISBN
978-0195331264
Fiction Three Assassins
JREF
Views
1K
A propulsive new thriller from the bestselling author of "Bullet Train"
Author
Kotaro Isaka
Publisher
Penguin Random House Vintage
Year of publication
16 February 2023
Number of pages
304
Price
GBP 9.99
ISBN
9781529115512
Fiction The Mantis
JREF
Views
1K
Good dad or good assassin? Can he be both?
Author
Isaka Kotaro
Publisher
Penguin Random House Vintage
Year of publication
25 April 2024
Number of pages
272
Price
GBP 9.99
ISBN
9781529920666
Fiction Bullet Train
JREF
Views
1K
Five killers. One journey. But who will survive?
Author
Isaka Kotaro
Publisher
Penguin Random House Vintage
Year of publication
21 July 2022
Number of pages
464
Price
GBP 8.99
ISBN
9781529116267
JREF
Views
2K
Reaction score
1
Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan
Author
Hasegawa Tsuyoshi
Publisher
Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press
Year of publication
30 September 2006
Number of pages
382
Price
JPY 5,011
ISBN
978-0674022416
Tailor your train travel!

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