Why do Muslim women wear veils?

[undrentide]

Also they prevented Indonesia from building big vactories like Airplane Factories,Cars factories...etc.

To build factories for machinery such as vehicles, construction machinery, etc., the condition of infrastructure is one of the big factors.
And actually there are many car factories in Indonesia - Toyota, Daihatsu, Mitsubishi, Suzuki, Honda, Nissan, Isuzu, Hino, Mercedes Benz, Hyundai, BMW, Chery, and Peugeot.
According to GAIKINDO (The Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries) the production volume/year is approx. 500,000 cars. (It once reached 600,000 in 2008)

 

[Hezam]

Toyota, Daihatsu, Mitsubishi, Suzuki, Honda, Nissan, Isuzu, Hino, Mercedes Benz, Hyundai, BMW, Chery, and Peugeot.

Are these companies Indonesian or western/japanese and Korean ?

 

[noyhauser]

There is no western agenda to keep islamic countries poor. Saudi Arabia is one of the richest in the world because of its oil revenues. Don't blame the west because the Saudi Government doesn't want to spend it on education and improving the country for the good of the people. Another rich islamic country is Brunei, again because of oil revenue and good finacial sense. Yet there the people don't pay taxes and they have a high standard of living, depite being an absolute monarchy. The difference is that the Sultan of Brunei actually wants to improve the lot of his people, not on his immediate family...
...It would, but the system is a selfish government, or rather royal family. Saudis problems are created by Saudi Arabia. They just can't admit it and shift the blame for their own short comings onto the west. We're an easy target.

Absolutely. When I was alot younger I used to think that it was the West's fault for the lack of development many parts of the World. That Then I read "All in the family: absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle Eastern monarchies" by Michael Herb. It made me realize that much of the Middle East is locked in a stasis because of the effective structure of these monarchies. Many think they are weak and will collapse. Yet they've been able to control their ascendence in society for over a century, far before the discovery of oil or western involvement. Oil has definitely changed the political landscape, but its been s double-edged sword. Some monarchies have collapsed due to internal instability (Libya) while others have prospered (Saudi Arabia). And others still without any oil revenues have done well (UAE). Its much more complicated than just "the West Oppresses."

Egypt had a good standard of living, then the fundies came in and are trying their best to drag it back to the dark ages. As for Iraq, well that was a very stable and rich country under Saddam. Thanks for ruinning it GW. Mind you I didn't see Iran, Kuwait, Saudi, or other islamic countries complaining when the war started. fact is they wanted Saddam removed, just as much as the US. It bloody annoyed me because Saddam was quite the secularist. Now it has turned into another religious dominated state.

Yes and no. The 2003 invasion didn't help matters, but Iraq was poor because of the disastrous war with Iran in the 1980s, then the UN sanctions regime through the 1990s. It was only stable because of the brutal security apparatus established by Saddam. Excluding Turkey, Iraq remains one of the most secular countries in the Middle East. Before the Invasion secularism was enforced by the barrel of a gun, which completely underplayed its role in society. Last election Iyad Allawi of the Iraqi National Movement won the largest share of the vote, which was a secular party. Moreover the State of Law Coalition (which received the second highest amount of votes), is a fairly centrist Islamic party, encompassing both Shia and Sunni views.

 

[Hezam]

I wonder why don't the west do something to Egypt and Tunisia ? The governments are the worst ARab Dictators....right noyhauser ?

 

[Emoni]

I wonder why don't the west do something to Egypt and Tunisia ? The governments are the worst ARab Dictators....right noyhauser ?

Who the heck is "the west?" Should we just generalize the Middle East with everything NOT the west?

 

[Hezam]

Who the heck is "the west?" Should we just generalize the Middle East with everything NOT the west?

USA,NATO.
Is it clear now ?

 

[noyhauser]

I wonder why don't the west do something to Egypt and Tunisia ? The governments are the worst ARab Dictators....right noyhauser ?

Ignoring the impracticality of overthrowing a government and the limitations of nation-building, what justification under international law would they overthrow a leader? And how do you qualify the "worst" Arab Dictator?

 

[Hezam]

Ignoring the impracticality of overthrowing a government and the limitations of nation-building, what justification under international law would they overthrow a leader?

As you see the US & NATO overthrew Taliban and Saddam and trying to overthrow Al-Bashir (Sudan president).
Why did they break the international law when it's against their interests ?

And how do you qualify the "worst" Arab Dictator?

According to you saying you have studied about the middle East and maybe you have some experience,Do you know about Egypt gov & Tunis gov ?
I will reply after you tell me what you know about the two dictators.

 

[Elizabeth van Kampen]

Emoni that is a very interesting question!!
My daughter has just come back from her vacation in Turkey where she stayed in Istanbul.
She saw few women wearing a veil in the streets. She found the Turks from Istanbul quite Western living in a town full of the most beautiful mosques. Of course I know that the Turks are Ottomans.

I live in Tilburg, in the south of the Netherlands. Tilburg is a multicultural town, there are many Turks, Maroccans, Somalians, Iraqi and some Afghans. There are quite some mosques in Tilburg with one that is big and beautiful.
My neighbours are from Turkey (since 20 years) and four aparments further lives a Maroccan family. Above me lives a Somalian couple and under me a Turkeys couple.
There are 4 Turkeys shops in my neighbourhood, I visit one of them once a week. One of the girls wears a veils, the other three don't. I love Turkish food.
There is also a good Maroccan shop in town. And of course we have several Oriental restaurants in Tilburg. Several times a year there are multicultural feasts in two of our parks in Tilburg with music from all over the world and lots of tasty food.
Tilburg is a university town so there many young people overhere. And it is just one of the many many towns in Europe where we do our best to make everybody feel at home in Europe.
That is why I find your question excellent Emoni!

Sorry Emoni,
I meant your question:

Often people form opinions based off personal direct life experiences. That said.... I gotta ask, and I wonder if this has ever even been asked before; Hezam, have you ever BEEN to any countries like England, the USA, or other "Western" countries for an extended period or even a few weeks to visit? Heck, I might even count Japan as one.

I'll flatly admit I've never been to any Middle Eastern countries. I don't mean that in a bad way, only to point out I don't have any direct experience within the countries outside of knowing friends from the Middle East.

 

[Hezam]

I'm jealous of you Elizabeth !
Such a great community !!
That's why many people in the middle east move to Holland,Germany,UK,France...you people have better system than our dictators.
Wish you all the good.

Emoni,No i haven't been to any western countries but i wish i can live there.

 

[undrentide]

Are these companies Indonesian or western/japanese and Korean ?

What is your definition of a company's nationality? And how does it relate to your statement "they prevented Indonesia from building big vactories..."?

Obviously they are Japanese/French/German(?) brands but their factories belong to Indonesian companies.
I have not checked them all but mostly their capitals are joint one by local (Indonesian) company/companies and Japanese (or other foreign country).

Taking Daihatsu for example, share holders are:
Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. (61.7%)
PT Astra International. Tbk (31.9%)
Toyota Tsusho Corporation (6.4%)

And when you're talking about automobile industries, factories are not limited to the automobile factories but also those manufacturing parts and components for the car manufacturing which play very important roles. There are many such factories in Indonesia and the technology developped there also helps the growth of local technology, industry, economy, etc.

 

[noyhauser]

As you see the US & NATO overthrew Taliban and Saddam and trying to overthrow Al-Bashir (Sudan president).

Because in the case of the Taliban they clearly broke international law, as UN Resolution 1378 states:


Condemning the Taliban for allowing Afghanistan to be used as a base for the
export of terrorism by the Al-Qaida network and other terrorist groups and for
providing safe haven to Usama Bin Laden, Al-Qaida and others associated with
them, and in this context supporting the efforts of the Afghan people to replace the
Taliban regime,

Supporting international efforts to root out terrorism, in keeping with the
Charter of the United Nations, and reaffirming also its resolutions 1368 (2001) of 12
September 2001 and 1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001,


That is an iron clad justification based on Chapter VI and VII of the UN charter, which justifies the use of force.

The United States tried to justify going to Iraq based on Chapter VII; a threat to peace and security, but it wasn't a strong case. It was a mistake.

Al-Bashir is supporting a genocide within his own country, which is also sending a million Darfuri residents into Chad. The international community responded by referring the case to the International Criminal Court, which Indicted him for crimes against humanity.

According to you saying you have studied about the middle East and maybe you have some experience,Do you know about Egypt gov & Tunis gov ?
I will reply after you tell me what you know about the two dictators.

How about you making comments like this and maybe people will have more respect for your posting? I certainly don't want to respond to you anymore and I doubt anybody else would.

 

[Hezam]

Wait don't run away...Did you expect me to ask you about the american-european support for Israel ?
Anyway i will stop here since it gone too far off-topic x_x ,Thanks for replying.

 

[abdalrasyid]

I'm jealous of you Elizabeth !
Such a great community !!
That's why many people in the middle east move to Holland,Germany,UK,France...you people have better system than our dictators.
Wish you all the good.
Emoni,No i haven't been to any western countries but i wish i can live there.

so tell me brother, do u interest to invite them to "fix" Saudi dictator? like how they do to Iraq, Afghanistan, and in previous time Vietnam, Indonesia (the overthrown of Soekarno and coming out with their own successor which is Soeharto)? Or what they do in Mexico after Nafta?

btw im not talking about west, north, back, front or what ever it is. Im talking about bands of power, a gang, (berkley) mafia, economic hitman, or what ever it is.

i like to answering why Muslim woman wear a veil, i think the answer its play hide and seek behind the most simple question, why do we human wear clothes? its not only to cover or protect our self, that is also because we have this thing call "moral" and "ethics" things that when it implemented indeed have a various strange effect.

Like for example, in this (pos)modern era, when peoples try to liberate them self from moral value and ethics. And u starting to seeing a woman that wearing clothes that dont take any role or function to cover their nakedness, mean, u still can see the shape of their chest, how big is their "back", they wearing clothes yes they wear clothes, but at the same time they are naked.

And if this woman, consider herself, as intellects, as aware and as knowledgeable on what her doing. Still she cant help herself for being exploit when strangers staring over her chest and feel annoy because of it. Why is that? if she wear a clothes that are so low and left her chest half naked, if she let it that way she must think there is nothing wrong showing her half naked chest in public, but why she feel uncomfortable, exploited when some-one staring at it? isnt it bias? why she feel offense if she the one who invite it? because she know, he not suppose to seeing that, and her nature make her understand the concept of privacy, and she cant help that feeling, the feeling that warn her that her private part its not a public eyes consumption, that is why it call private in the first place.

And Islam define which part should woman cover and hid from the public. And back in 60 year ago, peoples are still able to understand it, as in America in 60 year ago, woman are not going out from their house without wearing a long dress that reach even her feet, and wearing kind of white viel that cover her head. Also in Catholics, why Nun wearing a hijab? what is the reason? if its for covering her private parts, why only Nun? as we know in the time of Isa as or (J)esu(s) there are no such thing as Nun, and the order that imply to all christian woman should be implement generally, why now only Nun that dress as Maria(m) dress? why not all christian woman follow her footstep?

There are many other things, that first we answer before we able to understand and comprehend the reason behind it. Its not a strange things anyway, when in the midle edge and early Renaissance the woman who not covering herself with scarf, veil, hijab, or what ever it is, even in western society consider as a unrespectful woman. Read the history, find it on your own research, read what ever, Toynbee, Splanger, Ibn Khaldun, just bring it on. U found the exactly the same thing in history.
Indeed there a sign for those who deep.

If there is thing in my words that u find offensive, i didnt mean it, im sorry. If u find that truth in it, then the truth are come out from Allah.

 

[Hezam]

so tell me brother, do u interest to invite them to "fix" Saudi dictator? like how they do to Iraq, Afghanistan, and in previous time Vietnam, Indonesia (the overthrown of Soekarno and coming out with their own successor which is Soeharto)? Or what they do in Mexico after Nafta?

No ! the dictators here are their dogs,the solution is to leave us,to leave our land and back to their land.
We want our own system like Caliph,this is the only solution that heal the wounds and join the different people in this large region.

 

[Ummah Soul]

hi all.
how are you???


"Why do Muslim women have to cover their heads?" This question is one which is asked by Muslim and non-Muslim alike. For many women it is the truest test of being a Muslim.

The answer to the question is very simple - Muslim women observe HIJAB (covering the head and the body) because Allah has told them to do so.

"O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing women to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men). That is better in order that they may be known (to be Muslims) and not annoyed..." (Qur'an 33:59)

Other secondary reasons include the requirement for modesty in both men and women. Both will then be evaluated for intelligence and skills instead of looks and sexuality. An Iranian school girl is quoted as saying, "We want to stop men from treating us like sex objects, as they have always done. We want them to ignore our appearance and to be attentive to our personalities and mind. We want them to take us seriously and treat us as equals and not just chase us around for our bodies and physical looks."

A Muslim woman who covers her head is making a statement about her identity. Anyone who sees her will know that she is a Muslim and has a good moral character. Many Muslim women who cover are filled with dignity and self esteem; they are pleased to be identified as a Muslim woman. As a chaste, modest, pure woman, she does not want her sexuality to enter into interactions with men in the smallest degree. A woman who covers herself is concealing her sexuality but allowing her femininity to be brought out.

The question of hijab for Muslim women has been a controversy for centuries and will probably continue for many more. Some learned people do not consider the subject open to discussion and consider that covering the face is required, while a majority are of the opinion that it is not required. A middle line position is taken by some who claim that the instructions are vague and open to individual discretion depending on the situation. The wives of the Prophet (S) were required to cover their faces so that men would not think of them in sexual terms since they were the "Mothers of the Believers," but this requirement was not extended to other women.

The word "hijab" comes from the Arabic word "hajaba" meaning to hide from view or conceal. In the present time, the context of hijab is the modest covering of a Muslim woman. The question now is what is the extent of the covering?

The Qur'an says: "Say to the believing man that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that will make for greater purity for them; and Allah is well acquainted with all that they do.

"And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; and that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands..." (Qur'an 24:30-31)

These verses from the Qur'an contain two main injunctions: (1) A woman should not show her beauty or adornments except what appears by uncontrolled factors such as the wind blowing her clothes, and (2) the head covers should be drawn so as to cover the hair, the neck and the bosom.

Islam has no fixed standard as to the style of dress or type of clothing that Muslims must wear. However, some requirements must be met. The first of these requirements is the parts of the body which must be covered.

Islam has two sources for guidance and rulings: first, the Qur'an, the revealed word of Allah and secondly, the Hadith or the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (S) who was chosen by Allah to be the role model for mankind. The following is a Tradition of the Prophet:

"Ayesha (R) reported that Asmaa the daughter of Abu Bakr (R) came to the Messenger of Allah (S) while wearing thin clothing. He approached her and said: 'O Asmaa! When a girl reaches the menstrual age, it is not proper that anything should remain exposed except this and this. He pointed to the face and hands." (Abu Dawood)

The second requirement is looseness. The clothing must be loose enough so as not to describe the shape of the woman's body. One desirable way to hide the shape of the body is to wear a cloak over other clothes. However, if the clothing is loose enough, an outer garment is not necessary.

Thickness is the third requirement. The clothing must be thick enough so as not to show the color of the skin it covers or the shape of the body. The Prophet Muhammad (S) stated that in later generations of his ummah there would be "women who would be dressed but naked and on top of their heads (what looks like) camel humps. Curse them for they are truly cursed." (Muslim)

Another requirement is an over-all dignified appearance. The clothing should not attract men's attention to the woman. It should not be shiny and flashy so that everyone notices the dress and the woman.

In addition there are other requirements:

(1) Women must not dress so as to appear as men. "Ibn Abbas narrated: 'The Prophet (S) cursed the men who appear like women and the women who appear like men.'" (Bukhari)

(2) Women should not dress in a way similar to the unbelievers.

(3) The clothing should be modest, not excessively fancy and also not excessively ragged to gain others admiration or sympathy.

Often forgotten is the fact that modern Western dress is a new invention. Looking at the clothing of women as recently as seventy years ago, we see clothing similar to hijab. These active and hard-working women of the West were not inhibited by their clothing which consisted of long, full dresses and various types of head covering. Muslim women who wear hijab do not find it impractical or interfering with their activities in all levels and walks of life.

Hijab is not merely a covering dress but more importantly, it is behavior, manners, speech and appearance in public. Dress is only one facet of the total being.

The basic requirement of the Muslim woman's dress apply to the Muslim man's clothing with the difference being mainly in degree. Modesty requires that the area between the navel and the knee be covered in front of all people except the wife. The clothing of men should not be like the dress of women, nor should it be tight or provocative. A Muslim should dress to show his identity as a Muslim. Men are not allowed to wear gold or silk. However, both are allowed for women.

For both men and women, clothing requirements are not meant to be a restriction but rather a way in which society will function in a proper, Islamic manner.

 

[noyhauser]

Yes, we established that on page one. Thanks for actually reading the topic before you post.

 

[abdalrasyid]

No ! the dictators here are their dogs,the solution is to leave us,to leave our land and back to their land.
We want our own system like Caliph,this is the only solution that heal the wounds and join the different people in this large region.

amiin brother, indeed, i understand how things there and yes its already clear if we read the history they are all British product that betray the Utsmani Caliphate, we do put our attention to our brother at the peninsula and hope them only the best. And remember, Allah will not let the ummah into this current grieve and situation, until He can distinguish the truth and the munafiq among us

warm regards from me

 

[Hezam]

Muslims made alot of mistakes that destroyed the caliph system and given the opportunity for the foriegners to occupy the land whoever he is (England,France,Italy,Spain,Portugal,Holland,Russia,China,USA,...etc.).
Muslims are also responsible for what happend to them.

Let's stop here,it's off-topic.

 

[abdalrasyid]

hi all.
how are you???
"Why do Muslim women have to cover their heads?" This question is one which is asked by Muslim and non-Muslim alike. For many women it is the truest test of being a Muslim.
The answer to the question is very simple - Muslim women observe HIJAB (covering the head and the body) because Allah has told them to do so.
"O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing women to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men). That is better in order that they may be known (to be Muslims) and not annoyed..." (Qur'an 33:59)
Other secondary reasons include the requirement for modesty in both men and women. Both will then be evaluated for intelligence and skills instead of looks and sexuality. An Iranian school girl is quoted as saying, "We want to stop men from treating us like sex objects, as they have always done. We want them to ignore our appearance and to be attentive to our personalities and mind. We want them to take us seriously and treat us as equals and not just chase us around for our bodies and physical looks."
A Muslim woman who covers her head is making a statement about her identity. Anyone who sees her will know that she is a Muslim and has a good moral character. Many Muslim women who cover are filled with dignity and self esteem; they are pleased to be identified as a Muslim woman. As a chaste, modest, pure woman, she does not want her sexuality to enter into interactions with men in the smallest degree. A woman who covers herself is concealing her sexuality but allowing her femininity to be brought out.
The question of hijab for Muslim women has been a controversy for centuries and will probably continue for many more. Some learned people do not consider the subject open to discussion and consider that covering the face is required, while a majority are of the opinion that it is not required. A middle line position is taken by some who claim that the instructions are vague and open to individual discretion depending on the situation. The wives of the Prophet (S) were required to cover their faces so that men would not think of them in sexual terms since they were the "Mothers of the Believers," but this requirement was not extended to other women.
The word "hijab" comes from the Arabic word "hajaba" meaning to hide from view or conceal. In the present time, the context of hijab is the modest covering of a Muslim woman. The question now is what is the extent of the covering?
The Qur'an says: "Say to the believing man that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that will make for greater purity for them; and Allah is well acquainted with all that they do.
"And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; and that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands..." (Qur'an 24:30-31)
These verses from the Qur'an contain two main injunctions: (1) A woman should not show her beauty or adornments except what appears by uncontrolled factors such as the wind blowing her clothes, and (2) the head covers should be drawn so as to cover the hair, the neck and the bosom.
Islam has no fixed standard as to the style of dress or type of clothing that Muslims must wear. However, some requirements must be met. The first of these requirements is the parts of the body which must be covered.
Islam has two sources for guidance and rulings: first, the Qur'an, the revealed word of Allah and secondly, the Hadith or the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (S) who was chosen by Allah to be the role model for mankind. The following is a Tradition of the Prophet:
"Ayesha (R) reported that Asmaa the daughter of Abu Bakr (R) came to the Messenger of Allah (S) while wearing thin clothing. He approached her and said: 'O Asmaa! When a girl reaches the menstrual age, it is not proper that anything should remain exposed except this and this. He pointed to the face and hands." (Abu Dawood)
The second requirement is looseness. The clothing must be loose enough so as not to describe the shape of the woman's body. One desirable way to hide the shape of the body is to wear a cloak over other clothes. However, if the clothing is loose enough, an outer garment is not necessary.
Thickness is the third requirement. The clothing must be thick enough so as not to show the color of the skin it covers or the shape of the body. The Prophet Muhammad (S) stated that in later generations of his ummah there would be "women who would be dressed but naked and on top of their heads (what looks like) camel humps. Curse them for they are truly cursed." (Muslim)
Another requirement is an over-all dignified appearance. The clothing should not attract men's attention to the woman. It should not be shiny and flashy so that everyone notices the dress and the woman.
In addition there are other requirements:
(1) Women must not dress so as to appear as men. "Ibn Abbas narrated: 'The Prophet (S) cursed the men who appear like women and the women who appear like men.'" (Bukhari)
(2) Women should not dress in a way similar to the unbelievers.
(3) The clothing should be modest, not excessively fancy and also not excessively ragged to gain others admiration or sympathy.
Often forgotten is the fact that modern Western dress is a new invention. Looking at the clothing of women as recently as seventy years ago, we see clothing similar to hijab. These active and hard-working women of the West were not inhibited by their clothing which consisted of long, full dresses and various types of head covering. Muslim women who wear hijab do not find it impractical or interfering with their activities in all levels and walks of life.
Hijab is not merely a covering dress but more importantly, it is behavior, manners, speech and appearance in public. Dress is only one facet of the total being.
The basic requirement of the Muslim woman's dress apply to the Muslim man's clothing with the difference being mainly in degree. Modesty requires that the area between the navel and the knee be covered in front of all people except the wife. The clothing of men should not be like the dress of women, nor should it be tight or provocative. A Muslim should dress to show his identity as a Muslim. Men are not allowed to wear gold or silk. However, both are allowed for women.
For both men and women, clothing requirements are not meant to be a restriction but rather a way in which society will function in a proper, Islamic manner.

jazakillahu khairon sis ty so much

Muslims made alot of mistakes that destroyed the caliph system and given the opportunity for the foriegners to occupy the land whoever he is (England,France,Italy,Spain,Portugal,Holland,Russia,China,USA,...etc.).
Muslims are also responsible for what happend to them.

Let's stop here,it's off-topic.

i cannot agree more

 

[Red5]

girls are free to put veil or not. To wear clothes or not. as a free people, it's not a topic to discuss.

 

[AJBryant]

girls are free to put veil or not. To wear clothes or not.

Really? Tell that to the girls of Makkah Intermediate School No. 31.

Oh, wait. No, you can't.

Oh, well.

That'll teach 'em.

 

[Hezam]

Really? Tell that to the girls of Makkah Intermediate School No. 31.
Oh, wait. No, you can't.
Oh, well.
That'll teach 'em.

What's the purpose of that event ?

Muslim women must wear Hijab,How many times should we repeat that.
This thread is no longer useful...

 

[red flower]

every religion has it's own rules
even christianity

Islam define the freedom of every person
it's laws is not a crime never
The contrary, it preserves our rights and the rights of others


The woman's face adorned with hair
If a woman went out and viewed her Beauty to every man that is certainly is going to make him feel someting
These feelings of men towards women is not acceptable
These feelings should only be felt by the husband
Contrary to what is happening in the non muslims societies where
Women prettify and show her beauty to any man
Women in Islamic society should prettify either infront of women or their husbands or relatives such as father or brother, men who can not marry

non muslims societies does not like that
They think that this is narrowing on women
But it is not
This saves the woman from any man want to harm her

 

[RolandtheHeadless]

"Muslim women must wear Hijab,How many times should we repeat that."

I don't object to women wearing the hijab.

What I find objectionable is men telling women they MUST wear the hijab.