[...] with the widespread use of smartphones in recent years, much fewer people are reading paper editions of newspapers and magazines on trains. The new expressions describe a 150% congestion rate as "no shoulder-to-shoulder contact; increased crowding near doors," and 180% as "feel shoulder-to-shoulder contact with some pressure; crowding near the doors causes difficulty in changing body position." [...] The ministry aims to limit the average congestion rate during peak hours in the greater Tokyo area to 150%, as overcrowded trains in urban areas have become a social issue. The actual average congestion rate has continued to fall, from 221% in 1975 to 107% in 2020, during the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, and rose back to 136% in 2023.