はじめまして、ジャネット。
日本語文法は複雑ですね。教科書を持っていますか？ （Japanese grammar is complicated, isn't it. Do you have a textbook?)
To say "from" "since" something has occurred, you should put から
after the event. e.g. 一年過ごしたから is "since I have spent one year"/"after spending one year"/"because I have spent one year"
最後 is "the last" as in "this is the final one"
過ぎる・過ごす are a intransitive/transitive verb pair. 過ぎる (intransitive) is better to use for "time passing", 過ごす (transitive) is better for "I spent time (in a place, for example)".
by ためたますyou probably meant 試します?
"The previous attempt":
前の挑戦 (挑戦 as suggested by undrentideさん)
alternative: 前の試し
my full suggestion for "one year has passed since I last tried":
前の挑戦から一年が過ぎました。
XXにいい form often means "good for something"
これは健康にいいです。 "this is good for your health"
by たくさんえいきます is it possible you meant たくさん へ 行きます？
The particle へ is pronounced え but written へ
You cannot say something like 毎日ます.
毎日 = every day. It is not a verb.
Maybe something like:
（私は）毎日日本語を勉強しています。
A 文典 is a type of book. Like "an Old English grammar". (典 is a kanji often used in word for reference books like dictionaries/encyclopedias)
文法 is "grammar" as in "Japanese grammar is difficult".
I am not sure what this sentence is supposed to mean. You are going to (want to) improve your grammar?
I think you need to start with simpler sentences. If you are not sure how to form a sentence (e.g. what grammar to use), then you need to look at a textbook or grammar guide (there are some things online), not just guess. You also need to be careful about idioms. In English we say "hold a conversation". But the equivalent Japanese is probably just 会話をする
In general the first word you find in the dictionary is not always the right one!