Yes, red Chinese characters were placed on the map to show locations that were yet to experience Chinese encounters of a more intense kind. The character for 'tree' is a good example of what happens when loanwords get used. Some syllables have come into being due to contraction of native disyllables. This is true for CyV (consonant y vowel: kai-yo [right angle sign] o'on) and CwV (consonant w vowel: goo-yo [right angle sign] o'on. Most examples, though, arose with the onslaught of Chinese borrowings. Commonly assumed is that syllables like kyo and kwa were first borrowed