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RELATE THIS TO JAPAN (because otherwise this whole discussion doesn't make sense to post on a Japanese Reference website):
As a Japanese citizen, there are many things that I am proud of (such as our low crime rate) but I am horrified at my government's inability to address our crisis of sexual exploitation and abuse of minors. Japanese law allows for consent at age 12, but this only applies to metro Tokyo. Japan's federal laws put sexual consent at 13 years old under the Japanese national criminal law code. However, all municipalities and prefectures have their own particular laws such as Tokyo's ﾂ"Youth Protection Lawﾂ" which prohibit adults from having sex with youths who are under 17 years old or 18.
This incomprehensible gap of the legal ﾂ"consent of ageﾂ" has lead to much confusion. For example, it means that 窶ｰ窶｡ﾂ鞘?｢ﾅ津ｰﾂ催 (ﾂ"compensated datingﾂ" where high-school aged girls are paid by older men to ﾂ"dateﾂ" or otherwise render sexual service) can be or cannot be charged with statutory rape (in that it depends on jurisdiction). And since this is Asia, lets consider Korea, in which the age of consent is different for men and women. A book entitled Gyoyanginul Ouihan Saegyaesa (교양인을 위한 세계사), or World History for Civilized People by Kim Yun-tae: states that in Korea the age of consent is 18 for men, and 16 for women.
Let me make a point by saying that the idea of an age of legal consent is almost certainly modern. Japanese rewrote many of the legal codes based on European, primarily Germanic law.
Regardless, empirical Japanese studies of childhood sexual abuse are rare. The few studies that do exist are mostly case studies involving low numbers of respondents. These are usually highly subjective, mostly legal or psychiatric in orientation and cannot be generalized to the Japanese population. In Japan this topic is often avoided as unpleasant; consequently, it is not discussed in conversation and not investigated in research.
However, I believe this subject is a compelling social problem that merits the attention of social scientists.
While Japan's sexual abuse may be roughly lower, compared with the USA and even Germany, Japan nonetheless has a significant distortion of social perceptions by victims of sexual abuse, and even victims of exhibitionism.
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Resources:
Not sure of others Japanese comprehension, but if you can read Japanese then refer to a mainstream scandal involving AKB48, Minami Takahashi 44 year old mother. The mother, divorced was arrested and fined 500,000 yen for having relations several times with a 15 year-old boy.
AKB48ﾂ坂?壺?ｹ'窶堙昶?堙遺?堙昶?堙娯?｢ﾃｪﾂ親窶堋ｪﾂ、15ﾂ催篠渉ｭ窶扼窶堙??ｺﾂ行窶覇窶ｹ^窶堙??佚溪?｢ﾃ Iﾂ「窶昶?披?堙ｧ窶堙ｪ窶堙?絶?昶?ｰﾃｱ窶堙｢窶堙≫?堋ｽﾂ」
7窶愿ｺﾂ、9窶愿ｺ窶堙俄?敖ｭ窶昶?樞?能窶凖ｨ窶堙個「ﾂ週ﾅ?ﾂｧ窶｢ﾂｶﾂ春 2ﾅ椎ｽ16窶愿ｺﾂ坂??ﾂ」窶堋ｪﾂ「AKB48窶堙個坂?壺?ｹ'窶堙昶?堙遺?堙昶?堙娯?｢ﾃｪﾂ親窶堋ｪﾋ?ｺﾂ行窶覇窶ｹ^窶堙 窶佚溪?｢ﾃ淞」
窶堙遺?堙ｩﾆ湛ﾆ誰ﾂーﾆ致窶堙ｰ窶｢ﾃｱ窶堋ｶ窶堙ｩ窶堋ｱ窶堙??堋ｪ窶敖ｻ窶督ｾﾂ、ﾆ値ﾆ鍛ﾆ暖ﾂ湘｣窶堙??堙坂?堋ｷ窶堙??堙俄?佚･窶堋ｫ窶堙依彙窶佚ｨ 窶堙ｰ窶堙ｦ窶堙ｱ窶堙??堋｢窶堙ｩﾂ。
窶慊ｯ窶ｹLﾅｽ窶凪?堙??堙債、窶冢ﾅ陳ｳ窶堙個渉ｭ窶扼ﾆ丹ﾆ停?ｹﾂーﾆ致窶堙?ﾂ人窶堋ｩ窶堙ｧ窶｢ﾂｷ窶堋｢窶堋ｽﾋ彙窶堙??堋ｵ窶堙?、ﾂ坂?壺?ｹ'窶堙昶?堙遺?堙昶?堙娯?｢ﾃｪﾂ親窶堋ｪﾂ、
ﾆ停?榿停?愴鱈ﾂーﾂ渉ｭ窶扼A窶堙??ﾃ滅淡窶堙ｰﾅｽﾂ昶?堙≫?堋ｽﾅ弛ﾋ?懌?堙俄?堙や?堋｢窶堙?湘堋催冷?堋ｪ窶凖披?堙ｧ窶堙ｪ窶堙??堋｢窶堙ｩ Bﾂ坂?壺?ｹ'窶堙昶?堙遺?堙昶?堙娯?｢ﾃｪﾂ親窶堙債、
ﾅ竹窶拿ﾅ?E窶愿ｼ窶堙ｨ窶堋ｵ窶堋ｽ窶督ｺ窶堙ｰﾂ鞘?｢窶堋ｯ窶堙??ｰﾅｾ窶ｰ窶｡窶堋ｷ窶堙ｩﾋ?ｪ窶｢ﾃｻﾂ、窶伉ｧﾅｽq窶堙ｰ窶廴ﾋ?､窶堋ｷ 窶堙ｩﾋ?ｪ窶禿岩?堙?窶堋?窶堙ｨﾂ、ﾂ坂?壺?ｹ'窶堙昶?堙遺?堙昶?堙娯?凖ｭ窶堙
ﾂ親窶堋ｵ窶堋ｩ窶堙≫?堋ｽﾂ渉ｭ窶扼A窶堙債、窶凖ｭ窶堙??堙固?ﾃ滅淡窶堙ｰﾂ鞘?壺?堙俄?｢ﾃｪﾂ親窶堙問?昶?披?堙≫?堋ｽ窶堙 ﾂｳ窶堙ｪﾂ、窶｢ﾃｪﾂ親窶堙坂?伉ｧﾅｽq窶ｰﾃね?､窶堋ｳ窶堙娯?堋?窶堙懌?堙ｨ窶堙
窶冉窶堙ｩ窶堋ｱ窶堙??堋ｪ窶堙??堋ｫ窶堋ｸﾂ、ﾂ絶?昶?ｰﾃｱ窶堙俄?從窶堙≫?堙?渉ｭ窶扼A窶堙??ﾃ滅淡窶堙ｰﾅｽﾂ昶?堙≫?堋ｽ ﾃ??堋｢窶堋､ﾂ。
窶堋ｻ窶堙娯?禿ｮﾂ静ｦﾂ、ﾋ?ｪ窶｢窶敞陳?断ﾆ達ﾆ但窶堋ｪ窶愬停?ｹﾅｾ窶徭ﾂ静つ渉ｭ窶扼ﾅ停?吮?牢ﾋ?ｧﾂ青ｬﾂ湘ｰ窶氾｡ﾋ?｡ 窶敖ｽ窶覇窶ｹ^窶堙俄?堙ｦ窶堙ｨ窶｢ﾃｪﾂ親窶堋ｪ窶佚溪?｢ﾃ溪?堋ｳ窶堙ｪ窶堋ｽ窶堙??｢ﾃｱ窶堋ｶ窶堋ｽﾂ。
窶慊ｯ窶｢ﾃｱ窶慊ｹ窶堙??堙債「AKB48ﾆ陳?停?愴弛ﾂー窶堙娯?｢ﾃｪﾂ」窶堙??堋ｵ窶堙??堋ｨ窶堙ｨﾂ、ﾂ坂?壺?ｹ'窶｢ﾃｪ窶堙娯?督ｼ窶楼窶堋ｱ窶堋ｻ窶堙遺?堋｢窶堙?窶堙娯?堙個、ﾂ週ﾅ?ﾂｧ 窶｢ﾂｶﾂ春窶堙娯?｢ﾃｱ窶堋ｩ窶堙ｧ
窶慊ｯﾋ?ｪﾂ人窶｢ﾂｨ窶堙??堋?窶堙ｩ窶ｰﾃや?拿ﾂ青ｫ窶堙坂?ｹﾃ俄?堙溪?堙?坂?壺?堋ｭﾂ、窶堋ｷ窶堙??堙俄?板ｪﾅｽﾂｮ窶ｹN窶亙窶堋ｳ 窶堙ｪﾂ、50窶毒凪?ｰ~窶堙娯?敖ｱ窶ｹﾃ?ﾅ炭窶堋ｪﾅ?m窶凖ｨ窶堋ｵ窶堙??堋｢窶堙ｩ窶堙ｦ窶堋､窶堋ｾ窶堋ｪﾂ、
ﾆ値ﾆ鍛ﾆ暖ﾅ断ﾅｽﾂｦ窶敕や?堙坂?ｰﾅ?ﾂ湘｣ﾂ湘ｳ窶佚披?堙可。
ﾂ坂?壺?ｹ'窶堋ｪﾂ焦?窶伉ｮ窶堋ｷ窶堙ｩ窶拮ﾂ青ｶﾆ丹ﾆ停?ｹﾂーﾆ致ﾂ"ﾆ知ﾂーﾆ湛ﾆ椎?ﾂーﾆ置ﾆ湛ﾂ"窶督ｼ窶ｹ`窶堙姑置ﾆ陳哉丹ﾂ・ﾆ坦ﾆ陳?停?愴暖窶披?懌?堙俄?堙?ﾂ、
ﾂ「窶堋ｨ窶｢ﾃｪ窶堋ｳ窶堙ｱﾂ、窶佚･ﾂ湘､窶｢v窶堋ｩﾂ？ﾂ！ﾂ」ﾂ「ﾋ?ｪﾂ人窶堋ｶ窶堙｡窶堙遺?堋｢ﾂ、窶督｡窶｢ﾃｻ窶堋ｾ窶堙ｦ ﾂ！ﾂ」ﾂ「ﾆ稚ﾆ叩ﾆ停?懌?堙最陳ｩﾅｽﾃ娯?堙??堋ｽ窶堙ｨ窶堋ｵ窶堙懌?堋ｹ窶堙ｱﾂ」
ﾂ「窶ｰﾂｽ窶堋ｪ窶堋?窶堙≫?堙??堙?ﾅｽﾂｫ窶堙溪?堙遺?堋｢窶堙?」窶堙遺?堙?、窶敕楪鞘?披?堙ｰﾂ心窶掏窶堋ｷ窶堙ｩﾂ鞘?倪?堋ｫ ﾂ最ｾ窶堙昶?堋ｪﾅｽE窶愬ｾ窶堋ｵ窶堙??堋｢窶堙ｩﾂ。
ﾂ「AKB48窶堙??堙債坂?壺?ｹ'窶堙昶?堙遺?堙昶?堙娯?堋ｱ窶堙??堙??堋?窶堙ｩﾂ」ﾂ。ﾂ秋ﾅ陳ｳﾂ康窶堙俄?堋ｱ窶堋､ ﾂｾ窶堙ｭ窶堋ｵ窶堙淞、ﾆ丹ﾆ停?ｹﾂーﾆ致窶牢窶佚娯?堙ｰﾅｽﾃｦ窶堙ｨ窶堙懌?堙??堙溪?堙ｩ
窶敕楪鞘?披?堙個静凪?戮ﾅ?'窶堙娯?ｹﾂｭ窶堋ｳ窶堙ｰﾂ考窶堋ｦ窶堙ｩ窶堙?、ﾂ債｡ﾅ津｣窶堙固?ﾋ??慊ｮ窶堙俄?佚･窶堋ｫ窶堙遺?ｰe 窶ｹﾂｿ窶堙ｰ窶ｹy窶堙壺?堋ｷ窶堋ｱ窶堙??堙坂?｢Kﾅｽﾅ?窶堋ｩﾂ。
AKB48ﾂｹﾃ｢ﾂｶﾂｶﾂ､ﾃ淞､ﾃ環､ﾃ淞､ﾃ偲甘ｬﾂｿﾃ?づ｡ﾃ甘｡ﾂ｡ﾂ｢ﾂ･ﾃ債･ﾃδ･ﾃ按､ﾃ渉ｱﾃｪﾂｾﾃ･ﾂｾﾃｵﾃづ鳴､ﾃ?ﾂ･ﾃ按･ﾃ板･ﾃδ･ﾂｯﾂ･ﾃ仰･ﾃ･ﾂ｡ﾂｼﾂ･ﾂｹ) - ﾂｹﾃｱﾃ?｢ - livedoor ﾂ･ﾃ仰･ﾃ･ﾂ｡ﾂｼﾂ･ﾂｹ
Peer-review journals:
*
www.icn.ucl.ac.uk/sblakemore/SJ_papers/BlaCho_jcpp_06.pdf
*
National Center for Biotechnology Information › Journal List › NIHPA Author Manuscripts
Other sources cited:
*CHILD ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY 195, 198 (1999); Interview: Deborah
Yurgelun-Todd, supra note 53 (Dr. Preuss commented here that adults
presumably use both the amygdala and the frontal cortex. He explained
that the ﾂ"amygdala is activated in studies of adult emotion recognition,
especially fear.ﾂ").
*Brief for the Petitioner, Roper v. Simmons, U.S. (2004) No. 03-633, 2004 WL 903158, at *33-34 (ﾂ"There is certainly a point at which age is an appropriate proxy
for determining whether imposing capital punishment on an individual makes sense, even without legislation. In the common law, it was age seven. . . . . Under the consensus recognized in Thompson and Stanford, it is sixteen.ﾂ")
Not much would, and certainly no freely accessible and open source.
