Both versions are correct:
I saw a beautiful moon in the sky.
I saw the beautiful moon in the sky.
There are three rules. (Actually, there are over 30 rules for a/an/the, these are only three of the 30+ rules.)
I saw a beautiful moon in the sky.
1. This is used to emphasize what the person saw.
I saw the beautiful moon in the sky.
2. This is used when the moon has already been mentioned. This would be the second time, the third time, etc., the moon is mentioned.
I saw the beautiful moon in the sky.
3. This is used to talk about "large parts of nature". We often say the sun, the moon, the sea, the sky, the air, the beach, etc. For example, "The rocket landed either in the sea or on a farm." Another example, we would never say, "The rocket is in an air", we must say, "The rocket is in the air."
So, in your example, either "a" or "the" are correct, depending on the situation.
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