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Start to build up a large vocabulary. Memorize and practice the words by reading them and saying them out loud. Build up your ability to say certain phrases, and carry on a basic conversation. Slowly learn and master new grammatical constructions, and try to internalize the grammar rather than just understand it in principle (meaning try to "feel it" like a native speaker does). The just keep on listening, you will eventually be able to pick up on some of the words you have been studying and somewhat guess the meaning of what is being said. And then just keep at it until you are satisfied with your ability.
I wonder if any 2nd language learner ever gets to the point where they are satisfied with their ability
For me, everytime i think i have something down and understood something new comes up that I have to wrap my head around. So its an ongoing thing really, gotta be exposed to it, learn it and then use it if you want to get better.
I totally agree, but there are people that become comfortable with their level. Like they have no problem living their daily lives or talking with friends or coworkers etc. I see many people like that actually, they just stop studying and live their lives, but they don't really get better. Like I have a friend whose mom is from vietnam and she has been in the states for a long time but still talks with a fairly heavy accent and makes a lot of grammatical errors. She simply stopped pushing herself to get better because she reached a level where she did not see it necessary anymore.
I realize you just stated a case without offering an opinion one way or the other on it, so don't take what comes next as my having misunderstood you.
If a person is completely functional and comfortable and has no particular academic interest in language learning, then what does it matter if they stop? I'm very much like your friend's mother, other than the heavy accent bit. I haven't actively studied Japanese since probably sometime in the late 1980s. While others assess their level as "beginning", "intermediate", or "advanced" the only assessment I make of my own Japanese is "adequate to my needs".
While I think immigrants are under a sort of obligation (or at least ought to feel themselves to be so) to learn the language of their new environment I don't see that there is any obligation to go beyond the necessary and aim for the perfect. So long as they functional (and functionally literate) adults able to understand what is going on around them and figuratively speaking wipe their own linguistic rear ends, then they're not burdening anyone and society has no right to demand or expect perfection....especially when "perfect" linguistic skills are so often lacking among native speakers as well.