1. What is a common word for describing something elastic, like a rubber band?
I don't think there's just one word equivalent to elastic.
To be elastic can be translated as:
伸縮性(しんしゅくせい)のある
伸(の)び縮(ちぢ)みする
伸びる means to expand, 縮む means to shrink.
If "elastic" is used to express something is not stiff
弾力性(だんりょくせい)がある
弾力(だんりょく) means elastic force, resilience.
2. What is a common word for fluffy?
Mimetic word ふわふわ is the most commonly used word, I think.
1. いずったらたいへんなことになる - Is the word いずる? for 'mess up'?
I have no idea. I've never heard it before. Could it be a dialect?
2. てめえおれのことそこまでこけねえ! - don't ridicule me? Does the word こける mean ridicule?
こける means to fall down, to triple down.
But it does not fit the sentence above.
こけにする means to insult.
But the conjugation of こけねえ again does not fit.
Can you check what exactly the original sentence says?
3. おかないかお - Does this mean a 'sad face?'
There's no adjective おかない.
うかない顔(かお) : unhappy face/expression
おっかない顔(かお) : scary face/expression (usually because of anger, etc.)
Hope the above helps.