- 27 Apr 2018
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Hello!
I have a question that's similar to that discussed in the earlier thread "when to use -te aru instead of -te iru". The answers there are excellent as usual, but I'm still confused about something in my Minna textbook.
As it happened, (coincidentally), I have been reviewing material I'd studied some time ago, but only now have I just noticed the significance of this sentence:
Minna keeps the concept very basic for beginners, (and certainly doesn't go into the finer details as does Toritoribe-san below), by explaining that:
Minna illustrates with these examples:
Well and good. But how does 閉写真は引き出しに閉まってあります illustrate this grammatical concept?
Moreover, elsewhere in the chapter, Minna has this "例文":
Thanks!
I have a question that's similar to that discussed in the earlier thread "when to use -te aru instead of -te iru". The answers there are excellent as usual, but I'm still confused about something in my Minna textbook.
As it happened, (coincidentally), I have been reviewing material I'd studied some time ago, but only now have I just noticed the significance of this sentence:
写真は引き出しに閉まってあります。
This sentence was the 学習項目 of a chapter dedicated to explaining the difference between [intransitive + います] versus [transitive + あります]. Minna keeps the concept very basic for beginners, (and certainly doesn't go into the finer details as does Toritoribe-san below), by explaining that:
[intransitive + います] = "simply indicates that a situation exists"; whereas:
[transitive + あります] = "indicates that a situation exists because of someone's deliberate action"
Minna illustrates with these examples:
窓が閉まっています。"The window is shut."
窓が閉めてあります。"The window has been shut."
Well and good. But how does 閉写真は引き出しに閉まってあります illustrate this grammatical concept?
Moreover, elsewhere in the chapter, Minna has this "例文":
A: セロテープはどこですか。
B: あの引き出しに閉まってありますよ。
Information, please!Thanks!
Have you already learned that the function of the -te iru form differs depending on the type of verbs? The -te iru form of durative verbs (継続動詞) is an on-going action, i.e., it's the present progressive tense (e.g. 走っている, 食べている), whereas the -te iru form of punctual verbs (瞬間動詞) expresses the present state resulting from the past action (e.g. 結婚している, 死んでいる).
The -te aru from is used to express the present state resulting from the past action of durative verbs. In transitive-intrasitive pair verbs, transitive verbs are mostly durative verbs, and intransitive verbs are mostly punctual verbs, so you can use two different expressions in almost the same meaning.
e.g.
壁に絵が掛かっている (-te iru form of the intransitive verb 掛かる)
壁に絵が掛けてある (-te aru form of the transitive verb 掛ける)
教室に椅子が並んでいる (-te iru form of the intransitive verb 並ぶ)
教室に椅子が並べてある (-te aru form of the transitive verb 並べる)
As for the difference in nuance between these two expressions, the -te aru form of transitive verbs suggests the existence of the agent/doer. (As you can see, the -te aru form is more important for transitive verbs that don't have the intransitive counterpart.)