Here is a complete list of National Death Tolls for the Second World War
WAR STATS REDIRECT
Here is a excerpt from the statistics:
Who to Blame:
Most history books break their WW2 numbers down according to whether the dead are military or civilian and which country they came from. Since I've done that elsewhere, let's try to break it down by guilt. Here are various estimates by various experts of the number of superfluous, non-military deaths during the Second World War.
WAR STATS REDIRECT
Hitler Total:
Courtois: 25,000,000
Rummel: 20,946,000 democides
Brzezinski: 17,000,000
Urlanis: 15-16,000,000 (11-12M civilians + 3.9M POWs)
MEDIAN: ca. 15.5M
Our Times: 13,000,000 (6M Jews + 7M others)
Compton's: 12,000,000
Grenville: 10,000,000, including 2M children.
NOTE: These numbers only include outright murders, but keep in mind that some 18M civilians and 17M soldiers died in the European War. That's 35,000,000 deaths which can probably be blamed on Hitler to one extent or another.
Total killed by Stalin during the war years:
Davies: 16-17,000,000 non-war-dead
Rummel: 18,157,000 democides
NOTE: Numbers this high are hard to reconcile with the common estimates of 7 million Soviet civilian deaths during WW2. Even if we go with larger, more recent estimates of 17M civilian deaths, these number proposed by Rummel and Davies would leave no room for murders at German hands and deaths as a simple by-product of war.
My Very Rough Estimate (based largely, but not entirely, on Overy, who seems well-informed and sensible.) In tenths of millions.
Axis POWs: 0.6M
Soviet Soldiers during war: 0.4M
Gulag: 0.6M
Black Sea/Caucasus Minorities: 0.2M
Baltic Minorities: 0.2M
Repatriated Soviets after the war: 1.0M
Germans who died fleeing the advancing Red Army: 1.0M
TOTAL: 4.0M
Japanese Total: (these are the complete statistics)
China and Korea
Nanking Massacre, 13 Dec. 1937-Feb. 38:
Spence, The Search for Modern China: 42,000
Gilbert: >200,000 civilians and 90,000 POWs
Dict.Wars: 200,000
Rummel: 200,000
P. Johnson: 200-300,000
27 Aug 2001 Newsweek, quoting Japanese textbook: "The number of dead is said to be over 100,000 and it is estimated to be over 300,000 in China."
Palmowski, Dictionary of 20th Century World History: "perhaps as many as" 400,000
Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (1997) cites these:
Liu Fang-chu: 430,000
James Yin & Shi Young: 400,000
Sun Zhaiwei: 377,400 corpses disposed of
Wu Tien-wei: 340,000
District Court of Nanking: 300,000
International Military Tribunal of the Far East: 260,000
Fujiwara Akira: 200,000
John Rabe: 50-60,000
Hata Ikuhiko: 38-42,000
[Median: 260,000]
Unit 731, Manchukuo (bio-warfare center: 1937-45)
Discovery Channel: "as many as 200,000 people 窶 Chinese soldiers, private citizens and prisoners of war 窶 had died" [
http://dsc.discovery.com/anthology/spotlight/bioterror/history/history2.html]
Global Security: Up to 3,000 died in this facility. Perhaps as many 200,000 Chinese died from germ war campaign in Yunnan Province, Ningbo, and Changde. [
Biological Weapons Program - Japan]
Bombing: 71,105 Chinese k. by Japanese bombing (Clodfelter)
South East Asia and East Indies
Bataan Death March, 1942
Burma-Siam Railroad, worker deaths (1941-43)
Johnson: 16,000 POWs
Our Times, also Gilbert: 50,000 Burmese civilians and 16,000 Allied POWs
Grenville: 100,000 Asians and 16,000 Europeans
7 February 2002 AP: 50,000 Asian laborers and 16,000 Allied POWs
Manila Massacre, 1944-45
East Timor
James Dunn, in Century of Genocide, Samuel Totten, ed., (1997)): 70,000 died under Japanese occupation
19 May 2002 San Gabriel Valley Tribune: "January 1942: Japan occupies the entire island. With support from the local people, Australian commandos in East Timor battle Japan. Japanese reprisals kill 60,000 civilians 13 percent of East Timor's population."
Dutch East Indies: 25,000 Dutch d. out of 140,000 imprisoned (3 Feb. 1998 Agence France Presse)
Singapore, citizens (mostly Chinese) massacred, 1942
Japan Economic Newswire/Kyodo News Service
16 June 2004: 50,000-100,000
13 Aug. 1984: Report by Allies after WW2 est. 5,000 k. Families claim 40,000-50,000
Associated Press
30 July 1995: "The Japanese military said 6,000 were killed. Singaporeans put the death toll at 50,000."
12 Sept 1995: 30,000-40,000
National Archives of Singapore: 8,600 reported. "[T]here were many more." [
Page not found – Singapore 1942]
Grenville: 5,000
LC: 5,000-25,000 [
About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress]
[ANALYSIS: There's no consensus. I have 5 low estimates ranging from 5,000-8,600. I have 5 high estimates ranging from 25,000-100,000. Three sources hedge their bets by offering both a low estimate and a high estimate. Two give a low estimate exclusively, and two give a high estimate exclusively.]
Rummel blames the Japanese for 5,964,000 democides
POWs: 539,000 (400,000 Chinese)
Forced Labor: 1,010,000 (142,000 Chinese)
Massacres: 3,608,000 (2,850,000 Chinese)
Bombing/CB warfare: 558,000 (all Chinese)
Imposed Famine: 250,000 (none in China)
Rummel also estimates that General/Prime Minister Tojo Hideki was responsible for a lifetime total of 3,990,000 democides.
Some guy on Internet [
http://www.jca.apc.org/JWRC/exhibit/Index.HTM]
Nanjing Massacre: 155,337 dead bodies
Chinese official estimate: >300,000
Japanese scholars:100-200,000
Datong Coal Mine, China: 60,000 slave laborers killed
Forced labor camps in Japan: 6,830 imported workers died
Singapore: 5,000 Chinese k -- another estimate: 50,000-60,000 k.
Burma-Siam RR: 12,400 POWs + 42,000 Asian wkrs
My estimate is that 11M civilians and 4.5M soldiers died in the Asian/Pacific War. That's 15,500,000 deaths which can probably be blamed on the Japanese to one extent or another.
Mussolini (r. 1922-1943)
Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998): total of 29 death sentences passed on political prisoners before 1939.
Rummel, democides by Fascist govt. of Italy:
Ethiopia and Libya: 200,000 [before WW2]
Yugoslavia: 15,000
Greeks: 9,000
Italians, domestically: 250
TOTAL: 224,250
Chinese Civil War (1945-49):
Bercovitch & Jackson: 100,000
Dan Smith: 1,000,000
Eckhardt: 1,000,000 from all causes
Small & Singer: 1,000,000 battle deaths
Wallechinsky: 1,200,000 battle deaths
Walker, Robert L., The Human Cost of Communism in China (1971): 1,250,000
Gilbert, citing Ho Ping-ti: 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 total deaths
Our Times: 3,000,000
Rummel:
War Dead: 1,201,000
Democide by Guomindang: 2,645,000
Democide by Communists: 2,323,000
Famine: 25,000
TOTAL: 6,194,000
People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong's regime (1949-1975):
40 000 000
People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong's regime (1949-1975): 40 000 000
Agence France Press (25 Sept. 1999) citing at length from Courtois, Stephane, Le Livre Noir du Communism:
Rural purges, 1946-49: 2-5M deaths
Urban purges, 1950-57: 1M
Great Leap Forward: 20-43M
Cultural Revolution: 2-7M
Labor Camps: 20M
Tibet: 0.6-1.2M
TOTAL: 44.5 to 72M
Guinness Book of World Records:
Although nowadays they don't come right out and declare Mao to be the Top Dog in the Mass Killings category, earlier editions (such as 1978) did, and they cited sources which are similar, but not identical, to the Glaser & Possony sources:
On 7 Apr. 1969 the Soviet government radio reported that 26,300,000 people were killed in China, 1949-65.
In April 1971 the cabinet of the government of Taiwan reported 39,940,000 deaths for the years 1949-69.
The Walker Report (see below): between 32,2500,000 and 61,700,000.