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Some grammar help

Kirakira1232

素敵な冒険始まる!
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こんにちは!

日本語は上達するのに二級能力試験文法、語彙、漢字などを勉強していますけど、まぁね能力試験を受けるかどうかまだ分かりませんけど。とりあえず趣味として勉強しています。能力試験文法のために買った本は「完全マスター」と言う本で、日本語で内容は二百個ぐらい文法と説明も例文を書いてあって、その例文を翻訳しようとしています。そうすると分からない文法がありますよね。もしよかったら、僕の例文の翻訳と文法の理解をチェックしてもらえませんか。

Hey everyone! I'm studying some grammar, vocabulary and kanji for the JLPT lvl 2 although I dont really know if i will take it or not yet so its just for fun at the moment. The book I bought for it is called "Kanzen master" and contains grammar, grammar explanations and example sentences all in Japanese. I'm trying to translate the sentences but there are some parts that I dont understand so if its ok could I get a little help


~とともに。
As I understand this is the same as saying "issho ni" as well as saying expressing two states that are happening at the same time.

お正月は家族とともに過ごしたい
I want to pass new years together with my family
小林氏は学生を指導するとともに、研究も力をいれている。
Professor Kobayashi guides students and at the same time strongly encourages research.
代表に選ばなくてくやしいとともに、ほっとする気持ちもあった。
He regretted not being selected but at the same time he was relieved.
自動車が普及するとともに、交通事故も増えてきた。
As cars become more widespread, traffic accidents also increase.

~につれて
This grammar pattern also expresses a change in two states that are happening at the same time..

品質がよくなるにつれて、値段が高くなる
As the quality increases, so does the price.
時代の変化につれて、結婚の形も変わってきた
As the times change, the types of marriage also come to change.

My question is what is the differents between につれて and とともにwhen it comes to expressing a change in two states?


~にとって
As I understand, this focuses from the view of the the noun to which it is attached to.

この写真は私にとって、何よりも大切なものです。
For me, there is nothing else more important than this photo.
誰にとっても一番大切のは健康です。
No matter who you are, the most important thing for everyone is their health.
環境問題は人類にとっての課題だ
Environmental problems are an important topic for mankind.

~に対して
From what I understand, this serves a similar function as "towards" in english.

いいことをした人に対し、表彰状が贈られる。
The award was presented towards those that did good things.
チンさんは日本の経済だけではなく日本の文化に対しても、興味を持っている。
He is not just interested in economics but also has an interest towards Japanese culture.
被害者に対する補償問題を検討する
Compensation will be directed towards victims.


~を中心に(して)~中心として
This point I think serves to make the object the "central" point of the sentence. But what is the different between the two?

駅を中心にたくさんの商店が集まっている。
At the centre of the station, lots of shops have gathered.
地球は太陽を中心して回っている。
The earth centres around the sun.
21世紀の経済はアジアを中心として発展するでしょう。
For 21st Century economics, Asia is the centre of growth/development.

~をもとに、~をもとにして
As I understand thise means something like "based on" or "upon" in english. The first one is attached to a verb whereas the second one attaches to an noun?

ファンの人気投票をもとに審査し、今年の歌のベストテンがきまります。
Upon examining the fans votes, this year's best ten (top ten?) songs will be decided.
ノンフィクションと言うのは事実をもとにして書かれたものです。
Nonfiction is something that was written based on facts.

~をはじめ、~をはじめをする。
Ok this one i dont really understand...the book says 一つの例を出す言い方。which I think means "How to express an important example" but I'm still not sure how to translate.

上野公園にはパンダをはじめ、子供たちに人気がある動物がたくさんいます。

ご両親をはじめ、ご家族の皆様、おげんきでいらっしゃいますか。

国会議員をはじめとする視察団が被災地をおとずれた。


以上です~(今は)
よろしくお願いします~。

Thanks guys
 
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Great post here. As I am around this level or so as well, I'm eager to read responses from those who post. Wish I knew more to be able to help you!
 
小林氏は学生を指導するとともに、研究も力をいれてい る。
Professor Kobayashi guides students and at the same time strongly encourages research.
研究も should be 研究にも

What this sentence is saying is, "Mr.Kobayashi guides students + he also works hard on his research/study."

選ばれなくて

My question is what is the difference between につれて and とともにwhen it comes to expressing a change in two states?
There is no difference.
 
economics = Japanese economy?

被害者に対する補償問題を検討する
Compensation will be directed towards victims.
検討する = to discuss, consider, etc.

Compensation toward/for victims will be considered/discussed.


Ueno Park is home to Giant Pandas and many other animals that are popular among children.
ツ?偽eno Park has many animals that are popular among children, the most notable of which is the Giant Pandas.

The parents (Mr. & Mrs. So-and-So), and everyone in the family, how are you?

This is most likely a greeting toward the family of a friend/spouse, etc. of the speaker. The parents, in most cases, are the most important members of someone's family, so, they are singled out.

An inspection team led by members of Congress visited the disaster-stricken area .
 
Only the first example can be replaced with 一緒に ? ( for a more colloquial sound). It is being used here as two subjects (speaker + family) sharing the same action (spending New Years together).

After an adj (悔しい), my understanding is the meaning is more like "as well as" and following a verb "while" or "as."


と共に, as used here in the sense of 'as' or 'while,' I'm fairly sure can also be interchanged with に伴って and に従って to give a translation of "accompanied by" "at the same time as" or "consequently" "following" etc. Although probably と共に is most natural for everyday speech ??
 
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In the example #2~4, ~とともに is more likely ~と同時に than ~と一緒に.

My question is what is the difference between につれて and とともにwhen it comes to expressing a change in two states?
The clauses/phrases both preceding and following ~につれて must be expressions to describe "chage," like as your examples "品質がよくなる - 値段が高くなる" or "時代の変化 - 変わってきた."

×小林氏は学生を指導するにつれて、研究にも力をいれ ている。
○小林氏は学生を指導していくにつれて、研究との両立 の難しさも感じ始めている。

×代表に選ばれなくてくやしいにつれて、ほっとする気 持ちもあった。
○だんだんくやしくなるにつれて、怒りも湧いてきた。

○自動車が普及するにつれて/普及していくにつれて/普及してくるにつれて、交通事故も増えてきた。
 
それ上に。。。

小林氏は学生を指導していけばいくほど、研究との両立 の難しさも感じ始めている。 ??

時代の変化であればある、結婚の形も変わってきた (I don't think であればある is possible, though....with a noun ?? I assumed the grammar was similar to na-adj., but never really tried it that way before.


I mean from 「につれて」 to 「ば。。。ほど」, not the reverse....
「ば。。。ほど」と「につれて」の文法は、互いに、交換して使えるのが多いですね。。。。
 
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私自身も違いには自信がないので実例を見ていきます。


国会議員をはじめ多くの人々が視察団として被災地をおとずれた
Some members of national assembly and many people ...
(国会議員 is most noticeable or well known among the people)
Also, I won't see this sentence in a news paper, too verbose.

国会議員をはじめとする視察団が被災地をおとずれた
A group of inspectors starting with some members of national assembly entered the area struck by the disaster.
(A :Maybe the members of national assembly literary entered the area first ( not very likely though)
or
B: maybe they are just most noticeable.)


国会議員をはじめ,視察団が被災地をおとずれた
I am feeling something is wrong with this sentence because I think now there is a group of inspectors whose group name is 国会議員.

国会議員によって構成された視察団をはじめ多くの視察団が被災地をおとずれた。
Now MPs cannot be mistaken to be entering the area first, but the sentence is too repetitive.

国会議員をはじめとする視察団が被災地をおとずれた
視察団 includes 国会議員 and either 国会議員 comes to the top of their list as they are important or they enter the area first

国会議員をはじめ,視察団が被災地をおとずれた
I do not feel 視察団 includes 国会議員, rather I think there are few 視察団s and one of them is called 国会議員(while I most certainly don't think this way in reality, I would guess from context )

国会議員を はじめとする
Connotation is completely different but 「はじめとする」 is like having 国会議員 in the head of a queue or as a spearhead in the above context.

国会議員を はじめ
Most notably or predominantly

上野公園にはパンダをはじめ、子供たちに人気がある動物がたくさんいます。
上野公園にはパンダをはじめとする、子供たちに人気がある動物がたくさんいます。
Both have the same meaning, but the former sounds more crisp and active, and later
sounds slightly more formal.

ご両親をはじめ、ご家族の皆様、おげんきでいらっしゃいますか。
Sounds like introducing parents as example.

ご両親をはじめとする、ご家族の皆様、おげんきでいらっしゃいますか。
Sounds very hierarchical, I get a mental picture of families making queues with a father and mother at the beginning of each queue looking important.
Shockingly unnatural...it is like saying "The fist and foremost your parents and then are you fine? "

お酒の席などで誰が何処にどの順番で座るとか、誰が食べ始めるとか、そういったことが昔は(今でも一部ではそうですが)序列を現していたので、順番が付けられるのと何と無く誰かが初めになるのでは意味合いが変わるようです。
「誰々をはじめ と する」としてしまうとそう呼ばれた方をそれ以外の人達に対して一段上においてしまうような気がします。対等である筈の人達に対しては避けたほうが賢明でしょう。


To admit it frankly I do not think I can explain the difference now.
They seem the same for the second and almost same for the first but for the third, two examples are ridiculously different in their meanings.

These are not always applicable:
はじめ
beginning with, ranges from
サービス終了のお知らせ

はじめ と する
having something as a origin
or
(maybe there is something to do with a sense of decision rather than observation)
Having someone nominated as a representative
or
Having something or a team starting to act ahead of others(Maybe not very likely)


I have tried but can't help much, sorry about it
 
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小林氏は学生を指導していけばいくほど、研究との両立 の難しさも感じ始めている。 ??
Yeah, that might be more appropriate.
or
小林氏は、指導する学生が増えるにつれて、研究との両立の難しさも感じ始めている。

変化 is not the stem of na-adjective but a (suru-verb) noun.
○変化のせいで
×変化なせいで
(na-adjective; 静かなせいで、きれいなせいで)
○変化の度合い
×変化さの度合い
(na-adjective; 静かさの度合い、きれいさの度合い)

You can use につれて with nouns.
自動車の普及につれて、交通事故も増えてきた。
品質の向上につれて、値段が/も高くなる。(=品質が向上するにつれて)
 
Ohhhh, what a convenient word ! That's great to refresh myself on about せい.


自動車の普及につれて、交通事故も増えてきた。
品質の向上につれて、値段が/も高くなる。(=品質が向上するにつれて)

I feel like I'm going around in circles today. とともに、に伴って、に従って etc. as well as つれて?


I didn't mean, though, that "変化" was na-adj, just that nouns might work the same as, for example, 静か(変化)であればあるほど、 静か(変化)なら静か(変化)なほど...but obviously they don't. Nouns apparently don't work with the ば。。ほど structure at all. And a big gomen for the OT. :sorry:

次回は、私は、適当な言葉を申し添えるようにしますよ。
 
I feel like I'm going around in circles today. とともに、に伴って、に従って etc. as well as つれて?
Wmmm, they seem to have difference.

○指導とともに、成績も上がった。
○指導に伴って、成績も上がった。
×指導につれて
○指導が進むにつれて、成績も上がった。
×指導に従って(except another meaning as in 指導に従って犯罪行為をやめた)
○指導が進むに従って、成績も上がった。

○自動車の増加とともに事故が増え始めた。
○自動車の増加に伴って事故が増え始めた。
○自動車の増加につれて事故が増え始めた。
○自動車の増加に従って事故が増え始めた。

Ah, I see.
Nouns can be used with であればあるほど in some contexts.

大きな変化であればあるほど、摩擦も大きい。
厳しい指導であればあるほど、反発も強くなるだろう。

But, as a result, these structures just express the difference among the level/degree of 大きさ/厳しさ.

変化が大きければ大きいほど、摩擦も大きい。
指導が厳しければ厳しいほど、反発も強くなるだろう。

変化(の度合い)が大きくなるつれて、摩擦も大きくなる。
指導が厳しくになるにつれて、反発も強くなるだろう/強くなっていくだろう。
 

Yet another hard question..

One thing we certainly have to be aware of is that often ~をもとに and ~をもとにして can be used interchangeably for the same meaning or をもとに is used as a shortened from of をもとにして while it may not always be the case.

For the meaning of "をもとに", "based on" is probably close enough approximation.

But "をもと に して"...

ファンの人気投票をもとに(をもとにして)[/B']審査し、今年の歌のベストテンがきまります
Use of 「をもと に して」 sounds less direct than 「もとに」, like votes are not the only factor for deciding but just one of the things for consideration.



Let us consider「して」first.
して
1)こうして(first do this and then)、ああする。
2)昼寝して(first do this and then)、あそぶ。
3)勉強して(as result or by making use of the result)、結果を出す。
The use of "をもと に して is close to 3, doing something then, as result or by using the result do something.

Now 「する」.
材料にする。
栄養剤のもと(材料)にする。
(Note it is not like ingredients turn into a nutrition-supplemental drink by itself ).

What about "もとに"?
小麦粉をもとに(材料に)、パンを焼く
教訓ををもとに、人は学ぶ

Now して of 「をもと に して」 is used in the sense of
3)勉強して(as result or by making use of the result some action or other things)、結果を出す。

And 「して」or「する」 can be associated with deliberate and purposeful action.
栄養剤のもと(材料)にする。
(Note it is not like ingredients turn into a nutrition-supplemental drink by itself ).



From these we could deduce something like this:
人気投票を(をもとにして)[/B']審査し、決めます。
投票を(を材料にして)[/B']審査し、決めます。
(We won't not use this word like this but means the same).

But, of cause, we have to process or count votes in order to see the result, so we cannot quite say weather decision is made solely based on the number of votes or it involves some other factors. Yet, compared to "人気投票ををもとに審査し" sounds slightly less direct.

生物がモーターリフレクションをどのように脳に対する負荷の軽減や反応速度向上のために使っているか、についての研究をもとにしてこのロボットの重心制御システムは開発されました。
This is one example I think もとにして is more appropriate to be used than もとに, but もとに could still be used .

Again I cannot fully explain the difference because I cannot think of all the cases this [
をもとにして] could be used. I think the two are synonyms but it is also quite likely that I have overlooked something.

Anyway I believe that the key to understanding this sort of things would be a deeper understanding of suffix する and して, the same probably can be said to はじめ と する、because I assume that is how native Japanese speakers deduce the difference among these words in their leaning process.
 
Wow. I am surprised at 増加に従って、 に従って after a noun I thought wouldn't make sense here because it would be expressing something closer to "in accordance with" or "following the directions of." Implying the increase in accidents was non-spontaneous and perhaps even momentary or non-gradual such as here : 指導に従って犯罪行為をやめた. :?


中心に at the center of, 中心として (as the backbone/center of)

1. 地球は太陽を中心して回っている。
The earth centres around the sun.

With the sun as it's center, the earth circles around (it).
IOW, 地球は、太陽の回り(周り)を回っている。


2. 21世紀の経済はアジアを中心として発展するでしょう。
The economy of the 21st Century will develop centered on Asia (with Asia as its center.)

アジアは、21世紀の経済発展に、中心的役割を果たすでしょう。


3. 駅を中心にたくさんの商店が集まっている。
A lot of shops are centered around the station。 (Not encircling of course, but In general proximity to the station).
 
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日本語は上達するのに

Somehow I don't feel 日本語は fits very well here. Either 日本語が or 僕の日本語は?:?
語が上達するために、のに、ように"

能力試験文法のために
買った(使っている)「完全マスター」という能力試験文法の勉強のための本には、日本語(で)の二百個ぐらい文法と説明も例文があります。??

そうする If done in what way ? Because the book examples are in Japanese, you can't understand ?
 
Yeah, as for 増加, the verb 増加する would be more appropriate than the noun 増加.

自動車(の台数)が増加するに従って事故が増え始めた。

But, generally, nouns can be used with に従って in the same meaning as につれて.

多少の変形が残っても成長に従って自然に矯正されることが多く
(=多少の変形が残っても成長するに従って/つれて自然に矯正されることが多く)
Yahoo!知恵袋 2004

加齢に従って記憶は減退する。
(=年齢が加わるに従って/つれて記憶は減退する。)
千田富義 介護福祉士養成講座 2005

身体能力の発達にしたがって精神的にも分化し、
(=身体能力が発達するにしたがって/つれて精神的にも分化し、)
森省二 子どもの対象喪失 その悲しみの世界 1990

格差の拡大にしたがって、社会の各階層が分裂し
(=格差が拡大するにしたがって/つれて 、社会の各階層が分裂し)
莫邦富 日中はなぜわかり合えないのか 2005

「和魂洋才」は、近代化の進展にしたがって、しだいに 戦闘的な思想となりました。
(=「和魂洋才」は、近代化が進展するにしたがって/つれて、しだいに戦闘的な思想となりました。)
大江健三郎 あいまいな日本の私 1995
 

I wonder if this isn't a summary discussion somehow masking finer-grained differences in kanji usage and meaning ? It would make sense, in that case, that する / してbecomes more common with the usage as (基) base, foundation character, to establish one of possibly several grounds or predicates for a given result, over "cause/reason," , "ingredients" (素) or origin, source (元) etc ?
 

>"する / して the usage as base(基) character to predicates for a given result, over 'cause/reason,'."
Um, that is a way to put it I guess, する often involves decision and し can involve resultant state or state after a decision or more simply put to indicate a cause/reason.
I am happy to speak with you

But then, て or して can be also used for a number of other purposes, like forming gerund form of verb, making request, expressing means of action, expressing simultaneity, and many more: Check dictionary of particles for the reset please, I am using "Dictionary of Japanese Particles" by Sue A. Kawashima.

I have similar issue with prepositions like for or on, they just have so many different uses and deducing their exact differences are...like hell.

Anyway, reflection of verb is something hard for English speakers, like I find grammatical number and articles so hard to understand, because they disappeared from English since William of Normandy visited the England. But English did have it at one stage, so maybe there is some trace or a clue left somewhere to understand it ?
 
The diverse meanings and usages of "--te" and uses of "suru/shite" is actually relatively clear. It was more the difference between the two (or more) "motos" that is so PAINFULLY nonobvious to a non-native speaker.

人気投票を(をもとにして)審査し、決めます。: 基 ?

栄養剤のもと(材料)にする。
素) or origin, source (元) etc ?
 
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I see, I got you completely wrong:sorry:

As to もと にする。I would generally use Hiragana when I am not sure which is more appropriate, unless I have to use Kangi, because it is the safest thing to do and expression itself is relatively abstract to start with.

This is not an example but there are many of Kanji words that are called当て字 and they were decided purely for phonetic reasons:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%...81%A6%E5%AD%97
Besides people use them wrong quite often including myself.

But anyway I checked the dictionary and found following results:
下 below
旗の下

元 obsolete / previous /origin /cause/ for original producer / original seller /
元総理、元を正せば、元はといえば、生産元、販売元

基 or 本 ingredients /foundation or basement of success or of technological development
基になる材料'(I won't write this, too ambiguous), 今までの技術を基にして

Below are not seen often
素 or 元 Funds for starting investment
素を取れない、元も子もない、素がない。

親許 or 親元

スープの素(informal)

All from新明解国語辞典。
新明解日本語アクセント辞典 | 秋永一枝の本・情報誌 - TSUTAYA/ツタヤ
http://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.j...kok/index.html
I recommend software version or electronic dictionary, cheaper and faster to search.

人気投票を(基にして)審査し、決めます。(Um, right but I would rather care to be more clear about how 審査 is done)
栄養剤の基(材料)にする。(again not all that sure about this, just do not see something like this around)
栄養剤の原料として使用します。

um, I was wrong some people say use 素 for ingredients.
Probably because we see スープの素(informal) so often it changed how 素 is used..

found something related.
【基にする/元にする】 この二つの表現のどちらを使っても正し… - 人力検索はてな
These things do not matter much generally, and if you have to read a lot of Japanese all the time, eventually you just memorise how they are used. So probably wise not to spend too much time on this sort of things(I just check dictionary when I need to know myself).
 
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