Japan fares poorly in international comparisons of female representation, ranking 165th out of more than 180 countries, with women comprising just 10% of lower house MPs, according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Just over 30% of town and village assemblies have no female representatives, according to 2019 figures, and at the last lower house election, in 2021, of the 1,051 candidates, just 186 – or less than 18% – were women. An alarming number of women who run for office say they are the target of sexual and other forms of harassment, including inappropriate touching and verbal abuse. In a 2021 cabinet office survey of 1,247 women with seats in local assemblies, 57.6% said they had been sexually harassed by voters, supporters or other assembly members. Many said they had been targeted with sexually explicit language or gender-based insults.