As the issue attracts the attention of media and national politicians, campaigners say they face resistance from the Japan Medical Association and education officials who are reluctant to take on the influential body. "In some cases, doctors, who are almost always men, have threatened to stop performing the exams if they are forced to change the procedure," said a person familiar with the issue who asked not to be named. "They insist it is impossible to conduct a proper exam if children are fully clothed. And the children are in no position to refuse. The schools are really concerned about this and want something to be done." The Japan Medical Association has not responded to the Guardian's request for comment. "Girls of my daughter's age are embarrassed to talk about their bodies to their own parents," says Chiyoko Suda, whose 13-year-old daughter begged her not to confront the school after she underwent a health check semi-naked. "So you can imagine how awful it is for them to have to remove their clothes in front of strangers." Some regions began conducting more invasive health checkups during the years of postwar austerity, when schools took on a bigger role in ensuring that children were healthy and properly fed.