1) 2)
ついたち only refers to the first day of a month. You can't say ついたちかん.
間 is a suffix for a time span. ふつかかんに一回 is not incorrect, but it's more likely used for "once in a specific two days". When expressing a habitual action, いちにち / ふつか / いつかに一回 is more common.
3)
Basically the same. I think 一生に一度 is more common (as a collocation).