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"Da" is not a particle but a copula or a conjugational suffix of -na adjectives as same as "desu." However, "desu" can be an unconjugational auxiliary verb, too. This "desu" can't be replaced by "da."
e.g.
○日本語は難しいです。
Nihongo wa muzukashii desu.
×日本語は難しいだ。
Nihongo wa muzukashii da.
Oh, it should be "conjugative suffix."
I agree but I think you mean Kansai, when you're talking about western Japan. I hear や in Kansai dialects (with variations in inflection for Kyoto, Osaka, etc.).I thought people in the west used や more than だ (or じゃ). At least that was my experience. I can't recall having heard anyone say じゃ for だ in real life (at least not seriously, anyway).
You were warned, right ?.... That Tokyo's energy peters out when the subways close around 12:00. So everyone MUST go home because they can't afford the taxi fare home. And that everything is so spread out and the hubs are all so misplaced and it takes FOREVER to get anywhere.Yes, I meant Kansai. That's where I spent my time (aside from that one weekend in Tokyo), and that's where the majority of the Japanese people I had contact with grew up.