Concerning China's overseas police stations, the Spanish human rights organization Safeguard Defenders highlighted in 2022 the existence of at least 102 such stations spread across 53 countries. There are reportedly two bases in Japan. Last May, the public security bureau searched a building in Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward, which was subsequently categorized as one of the two Chinese overseas police stations. At that time, the two suspects held executive positions within the organization that owned the building and operated an office there. The search confirmed that the two suspects had been assisting with the renewal process for Chinese driver's licenses. Although no immediate infringement of Japanese sovereignty was identified, the bureau will continue to investigate the details of the situation.