Yamamura and a colleague gathered the names of so-called elite individuals who gained prominence in a wide range of fields after World War II. These included members of the Japan Academy, considered the highest body in academia; Nobel Prize winners; presidents of various academic societies; former prime ministers; vice ministers of government ministries; prefectural governors; Supreme Court justices; University of Tokyo professors; and executives of Keidanren (Japan Business Federation) and Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives). Even after they limited the list to men, whose surnames are less likely to change due to marriage, it still totaled around 2,000 individuals. They found that surnames starting with the "A" row--A, I, U, E or O--the first row in Japanese syllabary, accounted for about 22 percent of the Japanese population, but made up roughly 27 percent of the elite group, a statistically significant difference. In contrast, surnames starting from the "K" row, the second in Japanese syllabary, and those from the subsequent rows, appeared in proportions similar to or lower than their representation in the general population.