Actually, the reason why the present/non-past forms are used there is a little bit complicated.
Basically, in the structure "Aから/ので、B", the tense of A differs depending on the temporal order of the two event A and B.
1)
When the temporal order is B --> A, A is the present form.
日本に行くから、日本語を勉強した。
The subject learned Japaese
before going to Japan. (learned Japanese first, and then went to Japan)
2)
When the temporal order is A --> B, A is the past form.
日本に行ったから、日本語を勉強した。
The subject learned Japanese
after going to Japan.
(went to Japan first, and then learned Japanese in Japan, or learned after coming back to the home country, because they had interest in Japanese culture in Japan, for instance.)
The present form and past form are not interchangeable in #1 and 2. However, there are some cases that the present form can be used even when the order is A --> B.
3)
When A expresses a state or an action that has a time length (i.e., not an instantaneous action), A and B are at the same time, and both the present and past form work well for A.
疲れている/いたから、散歩に行かなかった。
Because I was tired, I didn't go for a walk.
疲れている/いた is a state. When the speaker was about to go for a walk, they were tired at the time. (Note that 疲れているから and 疲れていたから are interchangeable, but 疲れるから散歩に行かなかった and 疲れたから散歩に行かなかった are not the same in meaning, since 疲れる is an instantaneous action.)
4)
When the subjects of the two clauses A and B are not the same, and A expresses a state or an action that has a time length, the present form
can be used for A even when the order is A --> B.
父が怒るから、宿題をした。
This sentence is ambiguous. Two interpretations, A --> B (I did my home work after my father scolded me) and B --> A (I did my home work in order not to be scolded by my father, i.e., my father didn't scold me) are both possible.
cf.
父に怒られるから、宿題をした。
This sentence only expresses B --> A, i.e., my father didn't scold me since the subjects of the two clauses are both "I". If my father really scolded me, and therefore I did my home work, 父に
怒られたから、宿題をした。is used.
5)
In the structure "Aから/ので、Bのだ", when B is unpleasant or has a negative nuance for the speaker, and the sentence has a nuance to blame the subject of B for that, A can be the present form even for the order A --> B.
Your examples belong to this category. The temporal orders are "you didn't get up early first, and then you were late" and "you said such a thing first, and then you were hated", and the speaker is blaming the listener.
cf.
早く起きたから、遅れなかったんだよ。
There is no blame or nagative nuance in this sentence, and the order is A --> B, so the present form 起きる cannot be used here.
彼は、あんなことを言ったから、彼女に嫌われた。
This is an objective description. The present form 言うから is acceptable, but it more likely expresses his habit/repeated action, not a one-off action.
As you can see above, only the case #1, i.e., only when the temporal order is B -- > A, the past form cannot be used in the subordinate clause A. In other words, there is no problem to use the past form if the order is A --> B even for the cases #2~5. Thus, 早く
起きなかったから、遅れたんだよ。 and そんなことを
言ったから、嫌われたんだよ。 are both valid.
Hope this explanation won't cause more confusion to you.
(And don't hesitate to ask if you have any questions.
)