絶えて is originally derived from 絶ゆ, not 絶える, in classical grammar.
The site nekojita-san linked is not mentioned, but it's said that there are two different interpretations for this verse, 1) if I never had relations with her, and 2) if men and women never had relations.
You can see quite the same phrases in well-known poems/sayings such like;
世の中に絶えて桜のなかりせば春の心はのどけからまし
生きとし生けるすべてのもの