One factor is the declining number of police substations and local police boxes or "koban" across the country. Kobans have dropped from 6,455 in 2005 to 6,215 in 2024, while the number of substations, where officers take residence, has dropped from 7,333 in 2005 to 5,923 in 2024. At the same time, convenience stores have expanded from 42,643 stores in 2005 to 57,019 in 2023. The NPA's community safety planning division considers the stores participating in the "safety station" program to be an important part of community safety. According to a JFA survey, at least 4,448 locations responded to women in crisis over 6,681 incidents in 2023. The most common time for these to occur was between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m., with stalking, being approached by a stranger and violence including domestic abuse as the top reasons. Serious cases have included a girl in junior high school fleeing abuse by her father and a mother and child who were saved from abduction and confinement after passing a note reading "please call the police" at the register.