If either of you wants to come here unmarried to the other, you will both need work visas to stay longer than tourists, or admission as a student or cultural activities participant. The latter 2 each has its own separate visa.
I don't know of any school program that takes students as couples. You are accepted on each person's individual merit. At my university, many foreigners come with a spouse who doesn't attend classes. In that case, the spouse has to get a dependent visa unless they want a full-time job, too (in which case they can get a separate work visa).
If you come as a married couple, at least one of you needs to have a job or student status, and the other will then get dependent visa status.
I'm currently going into college and majoring in Asian Studies with Japanese language as my minor. I was wondering what kind of job I cam have besides teaching English (which I am willing to settle for if I have to )
Not sure how you intended to mean that last remark, but I could take it as an insult, since I am a teacher here (gone from eikaiwa to private HS to tenured university slot) and have NOT "settled" for anything.
Most non-teaching jobs will usually require a fairly high level of Japanese language skills, including speaking, reading, and writing. My colleague has an Asian Studies degree (M.A.) of some sort (from the U.S.) and has been teaching for almost 30 years here. That includes being vice-president of a large language school for most of that time and more recently as a FT uni teacher. As Mike wrote, it's a fairly generic degree, so the type of work you would be eligible for can vary, perhaps in more of a negative sense than you might imagine. That is, it doesn't really offer specific skills that you can offer to an employer. So, as the others wrote, with sufficient language skills, the door is open but only in a general way.
You could teach English classes at the company. This could be stuff you design yourself, or perhaps a large company has its own program you'd have to follow.
You could work for a business English agency and get sent to companies (or they would visit the agency). I think that more often than not, you would need some outside work experience from the U.S. so that you'd have knowledge of jargon or terminology or work practices in a certain field and therefore more easily understand your clients' needs.
You could try for a job in an embassy/consulate (different work visa needed), but language skills would be a must.
Translating or interpreting obviously require a high level of Japanese. Your use of "me and my husband" in the OP gives me pause to wonder just how good your English may really be (or it could just be a casual way of writing on an internet forum).
In any other situation for work, I'd have to ask what I always do: what do you bring to the table as skills, experience, or training that a Japanese local does not have, especially in those fields you mentioned?
diplomacy, international business or relations, museums, translation
The degree alone won't cut it, and the degree plus high Japanese skills are no guarantee either. You might want to look at foreign companies with branches here, whether they use a lot of English in the office or not, or you might consider getting SOFA status (instead of a visa) in order to work on a military base (depending on both of your skill sets).
As for the appearances issue, your name may be Japanese, but we don't know exactly how you look, and unless you have good Japanese skills, the moment you open your mouth you will definitely stand out. As Mike wrote, don't dwell on appearances, though. I presume you're going to change your name to your husband's, so you will lose that Japanese surname and stand out even more.
Lastly, don't use words like "chinky eyes". You might not have meant anything insulting about that, but it sure comes off that way, in case you didn't know. Chink is an old pejorative for Chinese people.