Only B works. I would note that it's far more usual to write "percent" as "%" (alongside a numeral, so in this case "10%"), though this is not essential.
A doesn't work because "ten percent" is just a modifier for "discount"; it's wrong for the same reason "They gave me discount" is wrong. An article is needed.
C and D don't work because while "percent" can be used with "of", they way you're doing it here causes "discount" to not have an article. In D, the article gets applied to "10%", which in most contexts makes no sense. You could fix C by putting "the" right before "discount":
"They gave me 10% of the discount."
But that means something totally different; if we're talking about a 10% discount, that would mean that you got 10% of that 10% discount, i.e. a 1% discount.
E and F don't work because you can't pluralize "percent"; it's a mass noun. This is also why applying articles to "ten percent" makes no sense.