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Divorcing Japanese national

CraigW

後輩
24 Feb 2012
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Hello everyone,

I wonder if anyone can help me with my problem. About 6 years ago I lived in Japan and married a Japanese women, we moved to China where we lived together. I found out while we were there that she had cheated on me with at least 3 different men, she constantly lied about it but eventually there was too much evidence to believe her.
We split up and she started going out with the last guy who she cheated on me with, now we have been separated for 2 years and I have met a wonderful Chinese girl who I would like to marry.
The problem is my Japanese wife is causing me problems, she is delaying the divorce process and making constant excuses, I have heard that if both parties are willing to divorce then the process is quite simple these days but she hasn't got round to posting the documents, I have been waiting for over 6 months for her to post the documents.

So it seems that I have to go the hard route and get a lawyer, I wondered if anyone has any advice for me? I have no idea how much it will cost or who would be suitable to contact for help.

I'm guessing if she doesn't cooperate then this could be very time consuming and costly.

I'm at my wits end, if anyone has any advice I'd be really grateful to hear it,

Thanks in advance,

Craig.
 
If you can prove adultery on her side then the process will be piss easy. Also, if you can prove that you haven't had sex with her for a significant amount of time, it should do the trick, too. If you can't do either, you are screwed. In any case, consult a Japanese lawyer that specializes in matrimonial law.
 
Hey Ryuurui,


Thanks for replying. I'm not sure exactly what would be considered proof, I could possibly get one of the people who witnessed the signing of the paper when we got married to back me up but I don't think an email from someone would really be enough would it? Anyone could make up an email address and pose as someone else, don't think my friend would be willing to fly to Japan to do this, the only evidence I have is a screenshot of her Facebook page which shows her in a relationship with someone else, it's not dated either so pretty useless.
The other point you made would be easier, she left China last summer and is now working in the United Arab Emirates so it's obvious to anyone that we aren't together.

Any advice on how to go about getting a good Japanese lawyer?

Thanks again.


Craig.
 
Pardon a stupid question, but do the divorce proceedings have to be done in the country where the marriage took place? Don't countries reciprocally recognize divorce decrees in much the same way they reciprocally recognize marriages?

Might be something worth looking into.
 
Hey Mike,
I have been living away from the UK for over 4 years now, I read somewhere that if I am away for a prolonged period of time from my home country I would have to go back for 6 months before the courts could help me.
This isn't 100% though, I will have to look into it a bit more, probably still easier than trying to sort it out in Japan.
We didn't even send over the translated version to England so I'm not sure if they would even have a record of it in the UK.
 
Facebook has dates, and people usually update new stuff on it. So the proof that the picture was not new would be on her side. Your friend would not need to fly, a written statement could do. Email address can be made up, true, but it is possible to check when a given email address was created. Now, who would create an email address a few years prior to this issue with such a great foresight. In any case, paying for a ticket for your friend to fly over, would be WAAAAY cheaper than getting yourself into a prolonged court proceedings in Japan. It will skin you dry, man. Lastly, I forgot to mention this, and it depends on your home country laws, but if you do not register your marriage outside Japan, i.e. you haven't register it in your embassy while in Japan, you could just skip it. Though it may bite you back some day, in this way or another.

Mike - divorce is something that both parties need to agree to, and if she doesnt, it means court. If you sue her, and she is living (her home address is) in Japan, then it would have to be done here (in the district court of her city). However, this should be confirmed with a lawyer. In fact before you do anything, you should get in touch with a lawyer. Also, Japanese are rule obiding citizens, sometimes blindly, and I reckon that if she gets a letter from a lawyer in Japan, she may freak out and let you go. I wish you sort this out man, I have lots of friends with a very similar issue.
 
Thanks guys,
That's a great help, looks like my options are ignoring it altogether (seeing as I didn't get the marriage document translated and sent back to the UK)
Or getting a lawyer and going the divorce/sue route, would love to sue her, she totally deserves it, you wouldn't believe the terrible things she has done :-(
Regardless sounds like I need a lawyer huh, not sure where to start there.

I'm still unsure on how much evidence would be necessary to prove adultery, it's a hard thing to prove 100 percent, I have one ex mutual friend who has already told me he would write me a statement, I have another ex mutual friend who used to be her classmate and good friend who would probably write me a statement as well, even though they used to be mutual friends could they not be labelled as biased and just my friends helping me?
The evidence I had on her cheating was ridiculous, found a boarding pass that showed her coming home a day earlier than she said and she explained she had slept on the guys sofa all day! she sent me txts that day saying 'miss you, coming home tomorrow' she had no answer when I asked her how she could sleep all day on a sofa yet still send me txt messages yet she still wouldn't man up and admit it so I guess she will try and wriggle out of this the same way.
The lying was possibly more heartbreaking than the actual cheating, knowing that you have spent 4 years of your life with someone that you actually never really knew.
 
I know lack of agreement means court. I'm only questioning whether it has to be a Japanese court. I would think not. If they're both in China, they may be able to do it there.

OP, something you need to know about Japanese courts is that in civil cases there is no power of subpoena. The court will not assist you in compelling witnesses to appear nor will it compel anyone to provide any sort of evidence. Each party is responsible for collecting their own evidence. What this means as a practical matter is that you can't get anything like her phone records, email, etc to serve as evidence with the help of the court. You either have it in your hot little hands yourself or you make do without it.
 
Hey Mike,
I do have some msn/skype transcripts that I saved at the time in which she admits to what she's done, also I have some Facebook messages which are pretty incriminating. I'm not sure how legally binding they are as I guess they could all be fabricated (I could for example have the conversation with a friend then copy into notepad and just edit the name and put hers in there, I obviously haven't done that but the devious little witch would probably claim that)
The Facebook messages aren't as incriminating but much harder to forge, it comes from her userid with her photo so I guess that's better huh.
 
evidence - if you are still in touch with her, i mean in person, corner her with a discussion and record her. 1 solid evidence is enough, no matter what type. solid, that's the issue, and only a japanese lawyer can confirm what will stand in the court of law. you need to remember that japan is a beep-boop country and if there is a manual (and usually there is) they will follow. in other words, if your evidence fits the puzzle, it is a go. another thing is that japanese law is case law based, so same as uk, hence all is defined by precedences. Those are known only to lawyers specilising in matrimonial law.

p.s. FB and skype will do. FB is way better, as she can actually see and correct information in case it was written by someone else. It will be virtually impossible for her to squeeze out of that corner. Skype has history but it can be deleted from the server by the user. So she could claim that she didn't write it, but someone else did, and then deleted the contents. I still see a way around it (IP address check), but go with easy to prove items.
 
Don't engage in surreptitious recording without legal advice; it is a CRIME in some places and may be inadmissable as evidence.
 
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Don't engage in surreptitious recording without legal advice; it is a CRIME in some places and may be inadmissable as evidence.

i said corner her not trick her, and there is nothing illegal about recording conversations where one side admits the truth that it would normally remain concealed. how do you think cops interrogate people. dont be naive man. watch a movie titled "a few good men" and you'll know what i am talking about. on a side note i have masters in law, so its not like i have no idea what i am talking about.

[video=youtube;5j2F4VcBmeo]
 
i said corner her not trick her, and there is nothing illegal about recording conversations where one side admits the truth that it would normally remain concealed. how do you think cops interrogate people. dont be naive man. watch a movie titled "a few good men" and you'll know what i am talking about. on a side note i have masters in law, so its not like i have no idea what i am talking about.

[video=youtube;5j2F4VcBmeo]


You need to get your tuition back from law school. Some jurisdictions require the consent of all parties to record conversations legally.

You are well-versed enough on the criminal and civil laws of Japan (and China, or wherever they are) that you feel perfectly confident putting forth as a matter of categorical fact that secretly recording her in a conversation couldn't possibly result in criminal or civil consequences? Please tell me you didn't pass the bar.... And that class didn't consist of watching a Tom Cruise movie.

Read this
 
I can't do a 'wiretap' anyway, she's in the United Arab Emirates now. I've been going through old conversations and logs and I think I will have enough info, guess my next step is contacting a lawyer with the info and finding out if I have enough to go through with it.
Will probably give her one last chance to come through on the documents, she said she wont have another chance for 2 weeks, I really don't know about her schedule but I will be ready to go if she doesn't back up her promise.
I found conversations on skype, msn and facebook that are relevant.
 
You need to read more about Japanese laws, Mike. What you link is US federal law and I am talking about Japan. I am telling you from personal experience that you DO NOT need all parties to know that the recording was mde to use it effectively as an evidence in a court of law. I didnt post the movie as an example of what is legal, but to show you what I meant...lol.
 
I linked Federal law, under which it isn't a problem, but more importantly info that there are twelve states in which your blanket advice about it being legal could land a person in hot water. It only takes one exception to disprove something....I found a dozen.....easily......and I don't have a Master's degree in law.

Did you read the bottom link?
 
which one Mike? On the bottom of your message? there's one that's entirely in Japanese which is about law but I can't really read it, just some guesswork from the characters being the same as Chinese.
 
which one Mike? On the bottom of your message? there's one that's entirely in Japanese which is about law but I can't really read it, just some guesswork from the characters being the same as Chinese.

It basically makes my point: that you may end up with a recording that the (Japanese) court finds to have been made illegally and which is thus inadmissable.

In a worst case scenario....she might even file a civil suit over it and seek damages.

Check with a competent, licensed, practicing attorney in the jurisdiction where you foresee engaging in legal proceedings.

I'm not a lawyer....nor do I play one on the internet....but you might also want to check whether written testimony from witnesses who can't physically appear in court on your behalf may make their statements in the form of mere letters, or whether their statements need to be depositions.

As I indicated much earlier in the thread, it is not a given that a divorce can only be concluded in the jurisdiction/country where the marriage took place. Read this. As you can see, China is a signatory so it is entirely possible that you may be able to obtain a divorce through Chinese courts and have the decree recognized in Japan just as though the decree had been issued by a Japanese court. Be advised that Japanese courts place a few protective restrictions on this. For example, the Japanese citizen spouse who was divorced has to have been served with papers regarding the divorce or have responded to the notice of the proceedings. They don't stand for something half-assed like the Japanese citizen spouse being served notice through a public notice (such as a newspaper ad, for example. Read this). So long as the Japanese citizen spouse has formal notice of the proceedings and thus an opportunity to either present his/her side of the case or decide to not contest it, then the Japanese courts consider their duty to protect the interests of the Japanese citizen spouse to have been fulfilled and will honor the foreign decree.

Again, please check with a competent, licensed, practicing attorney regarding that.

Full text of the relevant section of the Hague Convention
 
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Well that is US, Mike. Firstly, I am not American, so US laws do not apply to me, as long as I am outside US. Secondly, if he got married in Japan, then his case will fall under Japanese law. And here I DO KNOW that you CAN use such recordings in court as evidence. It is possible that it may differ in criminal law, although I doubt it, but we are talking about civil case here.

Lack of agreement doesn't mean court yet, at least not in all civil cases. Court mediation comes first. Then again, divorce cases may be a special case, which is why lawyer should be consulted beforehand. Court will actually @force@ you guys into a settlement, as courts are loaded with cases and judges cant be arsed with reading piles of documents. Since judges are scared shitless of appeals, as those may badly reflect on their career, they will meander like a snake in can of tomatoes towards a successful mediation. Courts in Japan are a bit like the medical theater, where doctors in Japan issue you crapload of medicines, as they get bonus for each pill. So, you get blue pills for a headache, red for hairache, yellow for eyelash ache and brown in case one of the others wont work, only so the greedy bastard can b uy his new Luis V bag, or whatever you spell that brand crap that this country so willingly sinks in.

Written statements work just fine, but if the case outcome will be decided upon it, then the judge may request the witness to make his appearance in court.

In any case, nowadays every discipline of life is so specialised, that you really should consult a lawyer before doing anything. Bear in mind, that lawyers are out there to skin you dry, and drag the case in time as long as possible, which is one of the main reasons for me not to practice that evil profession.
 
Nice job avoiding the point, barrister.

You still haven't read the Japanese link, have you?
 
Strictly speaking, It is not against the law to record a conversation for obtaining evidence without the other party knowing. The problem arises with the credibility of the evidence obtained by the recording and what purpose it is being used for. Their is currently no law in regards to recording a conversation between two parties where the recorder is one of those parties. It is only against the law to record a conversation as a third party where the two people involved are not aware their conversation is being recorded.

Edit:I am only speaking of Japan.
 
There is a difference between criminal and civil liability, and in some cases a surreptitious recording can land you in legal hot water in Japan in the form of a civil suit. There is also the possibility that such a recording will be inadmissable as evidence, despite it not being a violation of criminal law to make it:

From a licensed practicing attorney in Tokyo:

☆ 無断録音(秘密録音)は原則として人格権侵害不法行為となる



親しい人や信頼している人に対する私語もプライバシーの一つであり、それを無断で録音することは、人格権(プライバシー)を侵害することになり、原則的には不法行為として賠償や妨害排除等の請求問題が発生すると考えられます。

この点、裁判例(大分地判昭和46・11・8)も「相手方の同意なしに対話を録音することは、公益を保護するため或いは著しく優越する正当利益を擁護するためなど特段の事情のない限り、相手方の人格権を侵害する不法な行為と言うべきであ」ると判示しています。



☆ 違法収集証拠は、民事訴訟上も証拠排除される場合がある



刑事訴訟手続とは異なり、従来、民事訴訟手続においては違法に収集されて証拠であってもその証拠能力には制限がないと考えられてきましたが、近年、民事訴訟手続が本来公正な手続であるべきことを前提とするならば、違法に獲得された証拠を何らの制約もなく審査の対象とすることは極めて問題ではないかとの反省がなされて、証拠として排除する裁判例がいくつか出てきています。

前述の裁判例(大分地判昭和46・11・8)は、前述の判示に続けて「民事事件の一方の当事者の証拠固めというような私的利益のみでは未だ一般的にこれを正当化することはできない。従って、対話の相手方の同意のない無断録音テープは不法手段で収集された証拠と言うべきで、法廷においてこれを証拠として許容することは訴訟上の信義則、公正の原則に反するものと解すべきである」と判示して、証拠を排除しています。

また、東京地判平成10・5・9も、違法に取得された陳述書原稿についての証拠申出は信義則違反になる旨を判示しています。



※ 但し、違法収集証拠排除を巡る民事裁判例の多くは結論的にはその証拠能力を肯定しており、排除した裁判例は少数であることに留意が必要です。

I would have expected our resident master Japanese calligrapher and trained legal mastermind to be able to read Japanese, but apparently he hasn't bothered. Nor has he clued in to the fact that just because a person got married in Japan doesn't mean the only way he can obtain a divorce valid in Japan is through Japanese courts. If a college dropout dumbass like me can figure this stuff out, then surely someone professing to have a Master's degree in law shouldn't find it so difficult.
 
The point being, that there are very, very few cases of recording someone as being "considered" illegal. I write "considered", b/c the actual act does not land them in hot water, it is what their intentions were for doing the act. Let alone actually resulting in a criminal conviction for doing it. Or a civil law suit.
From what I can tell there has not been one.
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ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶。Aヒ彙ナステ停?堙娯?慊ッヒ?凪?堙遺?堋ュ窶堋オ窶堙??堙遺?堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堋スヒ弯窶ーツケニ弾ツーニ致窶堙債、窶凖環湘ュヒ彙ナステ停?堙戸?ェ窶敕岩?廬ツ人ナ?iナ陳?窶堙個侵ナ?Q窶堙??堙遺?堙ィ窶慊セ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙坂?督セ窶堙ァ窶堋ゥ窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋?窶堙ゥ窶堋ゥ窶堙ァツ、窶堋サ窶堙個湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾坂?堙娯?廳窶敕帚?堙娯?敖サ窶凖ィ窶堙俄?懌?凪?堙≫?堙??堙債、窶堋サ窶堙戸弯窶ーツケ窶堙固スティ窶冓窶「テサ窶邸窶堋ェ窶厖懌?堋オ窶堋ュ窶敖スナステ絶?ーテッ窶廬窶堙??戳窶堙溪?堙ァ窶堙ェ窶堙ゥ窶堋ゥ
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶敕帚?堋ゥ窶堙ーナ?テョツ鞘ぎ窶堙??堋キ窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??ーテー窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堙娯?堋ェ窶佛?窶懌?凪?堙??堋?窶堙ィツ、窶儕窶堙俄?慊ッツ人ツ(ナ?テ滅淡ナステ陳)窶堙ァ窶「s窶冦窶堙固?テ披?堙架弯ナステヲ窶堋オ窶堋ス窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??堋?窶堙ゥ窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙??堙??堙懌?堙ィツ、窶堋「窶堙懌?堋セ窶慊ッツ人窶堙ァ窶堙個人ナ?iナ陳?窶堙ー窶厖懌?堋オ窶堋ュ窶敖スナステ絶?ーテッ窶廬窶堙闇スティ窶冓窶「テサ窶邸窶堙?侵ナ?Q窶堋オ窶堋ス窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??堋「窶堋、窶堋ア窶堙??堋ェ窶堙??堋ォ窶堙遺?堋「ツ湘ェツ坂?。ツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ヒ弯窶ーツケニ弾ツーニ致窶堙債、ツ湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾坂?堙ー窶猫窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??戳窶堙溪?堙ゥ窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙??堋?窶堙ゥツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙や?堙懌?堙ィツ、ツ「窶厖懌?堋オ窶堋ュ窶敖スナステ絶?ーテッ窶廬窶堙遺?「テサ窶邸窶堙俄?堙ヲ窶堙≫?堙?弯窶ーツケ窶堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堋ス窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??堙遺?堋ッ窶堙ェ窶堙篠湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙??堙遺?堙ィ窶堋、窶堙ゥツ」窶堙??堋キツ。ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋サ窶堋オ窶堙?、窶愿?窶覇窶堙娯?ーテシ窶堋エ窶堙ア窶堋ェ窶堙遺?堋「ナ津?窶堙ィツ、ニ断ニ淡ニ耽ニ停?ケヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙個湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾坂?堋ェ窶敕帚?凖ィ窶堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堙ゥ窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??堙坂?堙遺?堋「窶堙?陳セ窶堋ヲ窶堙懌?堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ?停?敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙債坂?。窶邸窶堋ゥツ?ツ≫? ツ ツ ツ ツ静ァ窶杯窶冢ツ催卍 H3-3-29
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙娯?廳窶邸ツ青ォ窶堙俄?堙や?堋「窶堙?、ヒ?ェ窶敕岩?堙俄?佚射彙ナステ停?堙戸?ェ窶「テサ窶懌?毒ス窶毒ステ停?堋ェ窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙娯?冦窶堙ァ窶堙遺?堋「窶堋、窶堋ソ窶堙俄?ーテッヒ彙窶堙ーヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋オ窶堙??堙?ツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶佚射彙ナステ停?堙??堙固?テ滅淡窶堙??堙坂?ーテッヒ彙窶堙娯?愿?窶覇窶堙ー窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙固スx窶掏窶堙俄?堙、窶堋セ窶堙銀?堙?、窶敕ゥ窶督ァツ青ォ窶堙遺?堋「窶堋オニ致ニ停?ーニ辰ニ弛ニ歎ツー窶堙ー窶「テコナ?テシ窶堋オ窶堙??堋ィ窶堙ィツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙懌?堋スツ、窶伉シツ人窶堙??ーテッヒ彙窶堋キ窶堙ゥヒ?按湘」窶堙坂?佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙俄?佚寂?堋キ窶堙ゥツ信窶版?窶堙固津ォナスZ窶堙俄?堙ヲ窶堙ゥナ?テォナ陳ッ窶堙債、ヒ彙ナステ停?堋ェ窶「窶ー窶儡窶堋キ窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙??堋?窶堙ゥ窶堋ゥ窶堙ァツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙最陳エ窶伉・窶堙??堋オ窶堙??。窶邸窶堙??堙坂?堙遺?堋「ツ。ツ」ツ
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ「窶佚射彙ナステ停?堙??堙固?テ滅淡窶堙??堙債」窶堙俄?卍才?凪?堋ェ窶「K窶牌窶堙??堋キツ。窶懌?毒ス窶毒ステ塚?闇?O窶堙娯?佚ヲナスOナステ停?堙俄?冦窶堙ェ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙ー窶楼窶凖ア窶堙??堙坂?堋オ窶堙??堋「窶堙懌?堋ケ窶堙アツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ?停?敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙債坂?。窶邸窶堋ゥツ?ツ湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾坂?堋ェ窶堋?窶堙ゥ窶堋ゥツ?ツ≫? ツ ツ ツ ツ催?坂?堋催卍 H12-7-17
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ焦?ヒ彑窶堙俄?堋ゥ窶堙ア窶堋ェ窶堙敖、ツ職ナ陳?窶堙??敖サ窶冉窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堙?、窶怒ナ陳鞘?堙?湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙??堋オ窶堙?ステヲ窶堙ィ窶卍イ窶堙冷?堙ァ窶堙ェ窶堋スヒ弯窶ーツケニ弾ツーニ致窶堙債、窶敕ュツ債青人窶堋ゥ窶堙ァツ債シ窶ケ\窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶敕ュナ?Q窶堙ーナステウ窶堋ッ窶堋ス窶堙?考窶堋ヲ窶堋スナステ停?堋ェツ、窶敕ュツ債青人窶堙個静?窶督セ窶愿?窶覇窶堙俄?「sツ審窶堙ー窶「テク窶堋ォツ、ナ津」窶愿コ窶堙個湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙??堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ス窶堙淞、窶敕ュツ債青人窶堙??堙娯?ーテッヒ彙窶堙ー
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋オ窶堋ス窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??堋?窶堙ゥ窶堙??堋ア窶堙ォツ、窶堋ア窶堙娯?堙ヲ窶堋、窶堙按湘ェツ坂?。窶堙可、ヒ?ェ窶「テサ窶堙娯?懌?毒ス窶毒ステ停?堋ェ窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙??堙娯?ーテッヒ彙窶堙ーヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙債、窶堋ス窶堙??堋ヲ
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋サ窶堙ェ窶堋ェ窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙娯?慊ッヒ?凪?堙ー窶慊セ窶堙遺?堋「窶堙?行窶堙ュ窶堙ェ窶堋ス窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??堋?窶堙≫?堙??堙?ツ、ヒ?。窶邸窶堙??堙坂?堙遺?堋ュツ、窶ーEヒ弯窶ーツケニ弾ツーニ致窶堙個湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾坂?堙ー窶侏??堋、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ焦?ヒ彑窶堙債、窶板昶?燃窶堋ェ窶堙遺?堋「ツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋ア窶堋ア窶堙??堙姑竹ニ辰ニ停?愴暖窶堙債「ツ重窶牌ヒ??陳鞘?堙嫁?テ問?堋オツ、窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙俄?「sツ審窶堙ー窶「テク窶堋ォツ、ナ津」窶愿コ窶堙個湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙??堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ス窶堙淞」窶堙娯?「窶昶?「ツェ窶堋ゥ窶堙?スv窶堋「窶堙懌?堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶板絶?貼窶堙??「sツ青ウナ?m窶堙遺?ーテーナステ溪?堋ゥ窶堙?窶冦窶堙ェ窶堙懌?堋ケ窶堙ア窶堋ェツ、ナス窶樞?堙坂?堋ア窶堙娯?敖サナスツヲ窶堙ーツ「ナ津」窶愿コ窶「K窶牌窶堙??堙遺?堙≫?堋スツ静懌?堙ィ窶堙可、ツ青ウ窶懌?凪?堋ゥ窶堙つ坂?。窶邸窶廬窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ナスティ窶冓窶堙??藩懌?廃窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶禿壺?廬窶堙?、ヒ?ェ窶堙や?堙固スティ窶冓窶堙??堋オ窶堙?スツゥナ津遺?塗窶ーq窶堙ー窶堙坂?堋ゥ窶堙ゥ窶堋ス窶堙溪?堙可行窶堙≫?堋ス窶敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙才?。窶邸窶堙??堙坂?堙遺?堋ュツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋サ窶堙個湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾坂?堙架?厖彑窶堙ー窶ケツイ窶堙樞?脳窶冢窶堙坂?堙遺?堋「ツ」窶堙?陳セ窶堙≫?堙??堋「窶堙ゥ窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??伉ィ窶堋ヲ窶堙??堋「窶堙懌?堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶?ツ債ク窶ケ@ナ?テ問?堙俄?堋ィ窶堋ッ窶堙ゥナス窶督湘ョ窶卍ョナステヲ窶堙娯?敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙?ヒ?。窶邸窶堙俄?堙坂?堙遺?堙ァ窶堙遺?堋「窶堙?スv窶堙ュ窶堙ェ窶堙懌?堋キ窶堋ェツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙??堙ア窶堙按湘ェツ坂?。窶堙??堙?ツ、窶能窶堙淞「ヒ弯窶ーツケ窶「s窶ーテつ」窶堋ェナステヲ窶堙ィナ塚??堙溪?堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堙??堋「窶堙ゥツ、窶堙懌?堋ス窶堙坂?椀窶「テサ窶堋ェ窶戳窶堙溪?堙??堋「窶堙ゥ窶堙俄?堙?ツ拘窶堙ュ窶堙ァ窶堋クヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋オ窶堋ス
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ湘ェツ坂?。窶堙債、ツ催や?督ア窶「s窶版。ツ行窶堙遺?堙??堙娯?「s窶邸ツ行ヒ?冷?堙??堋オ窶堙??。窶邸ツ青ォ窶堋ェ窶禿「窶堙ュ窶堙ェ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙俄?堙遺?堙ィ窶堋サ窶堋、窶堙??堋キ窶堙娯?堙?、窶卍才?凪?堋ェ窶「K窶牌窶堙??堋オ窶堙・窶堋、ツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙懌?堋スツ、ヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙ーナ?O窶「窶昶?堙架彝窶堙ァ窶堋キ窶堙?、窶督シ窶農ナ。テ岩?伉ケ窶堙遺?堙??堙個催溪?堙俄?禿「窶堙ュ窶堙ェ窶堙ゥ窶ーテや?拿ツ青ォ窶堙?窶堋?窶堙ィ窶堙懌?堋キ窶堙娯?堙??卍才?凪?堋キ窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙??堋オ窶堙・窶堋、ツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙懌?堋スツ、ヒ?按湘」窶堙個催吮?敖サツ焦?窶敖サ窶冉窶堋ゥ窶堙ァナ陳セ窶堋ヲ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙債、窶堋サ窶堙戸弯窶ーツケ窶堙ーナス窶毒陳鞘?堙??督ウナ?テ滅淡窶堙遺?佚ヲナスOナステ停?堙架彝窶ーk窶堋オ窶堋ス窶堙ィ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙?、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙や?堙懌?堙ィツ、窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙俄?佚寂?堋キ窶堙ゥ窶督シ窶農ナ。テ岩?伉ケツ、ニ致ニ停?ーニ辰ニ弛ニ歎ツーツ侵ナ?Q窶懌┐窶堙俄?懌?凪?堋ス窶堙ゥツ行ヒ?冷?堙嫁智窶堋ー窶堙??堙坂?堋「窶堋ッ窶堙遺?堋「窶堙??堋「窶堋、窶堋ア窶堙??堙??堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶ーテ≫?堋ヲ窶堙 ナステ?窶佚固陳ア窶堋ゥ窶堙ァ窶ーテー窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙? ツ ツ
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ナス窶樞?堙坂?敕ュ窶ケ^ナステ停?堙??堙娯?ーテッヒ彙窶堙最陳セ窶堋、窶堙俄?ケy窶堙寂?堋クツ、ナ遅ナス@ツ、ナ椎クナス@窶椀窶「テサ窶堙??堙?窶敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙ーツ行窶堋「ツ、窶督ッナス窶凪?亙ツ湘冷?堙俄?堙??堋サ窶堙ェ窶堋シ窶堙ェ窶堙ーツ湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋オ窶堙??凖アツ出窶堋オ窶堙懌?堋オ窶堋スツ。窶敕ュ窶ケ^ナステ停?伉、窶堙債「窶「s窶邸ツ行ヒ?冷?堙??堋?窶堙ィツ、ツ催吮?敖サツ焦?窶堙債湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙??堋オ窶堙?催娯?廃窶堋キ窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙??堙坂?堙遺?堋「ツ(窶ーツコ窶ケL窶佚・窶「ツェ窶冢ツ催
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶敖サナスツヲヒ?ク窶廃ツ)ツ」窶堙??堙固ステ・窶卍」窶堙ーツ行窶堋「 窶堙懌?堋オ窶堋ス窶堋ェツ、ツ催吮?敖サツ焦?窶堙坂?堋サ窶堙固ステ・窶卍」窶堙俄?佚寂?堋オ窶ーツス窶堙娯?敖ス窶ーナセ窶堙?ナスツヲ窶堋オ窶堙懌?堋ケ窶堙ア窶堙??堋オ窶堋スツ(ナ?ツョ窶牢窶督ウナス窶ケツ)ツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙懌?堋スツ、窶堙懌?堋ウ窶堙俄?堋サ窶堙個渉ュ窶堋オ窶楼ツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ渉ャ窶佚イ窶佚」窶ケcナスmナ陳ウ窶敕ゥツ鞘?倪?堙娯?伉。ヒ彭窶堙嫁淡窶堙ゥナ炭ナス窶凪?亙ツ湘冷?堋ェナスn窶堙懌?堙ィツ、ナ椎クナス@窶堙??堙固ステヲ窶堙ィ窶卍イ窶堙冷?堙娯?罵ナスq窶堙ーヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋オ窶堋ス窶敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋ェ
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙??堋オ窶堙?催娯?廃窶堋ウ窶堙ェツ、窶堙懌?堋ス窶「テ岩?堙固ス窶毒陳鞘?堙俄?堋ィ窶堋ッ窶堙ゥ窶佚・ツ催」窶「{ナ遅窶堙??堙娯?ケツコ窶昶?披?廬ナステヲ窶堙ィ窶卍イ窶堙冷?堙娯?敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋ェニ筑ニ湛ニ坦ニ蓄窶堙ー窶愿カ窶堙ュ窶堋ケ窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋「窶堙懌?堋オ窶堋ス窶堋ェツ、窶堋「窶堋ク窶堙ェ窶堙個湘ェツ坂?。窶堙?窶堋サ窶堙個湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾債、窶「s窶邸ツ青ォ窶堋ェ窶禿「窶佚ィナス窶ケ窶堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堋ス窶堙??堙最スツィ窶堙俄?堋オ窶堙??堋「窶堙懌?堋ケ窶堙アツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ?停?敕オツ考ツ:ツ 窶敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙ーツ「ヒ?。窶邸窶堋ゥ窶堙つ湘倪?ケ窶吮?拿窶氾坂?堙遺?堋オツ」窶堙??堋オ窶堋ス窶敖サ窶冉ツ≫? ツ ツ ツ 窶佚・窶「ツェ窶冢ツ催卍 S46-11-8
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶。@窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙娯?慊ッヒ?凪?堙遺?堋オ窶堙俄?佚射彙窶堙ーヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙債、ナ津カ窶ーv窶堙ー窶「テ崘津ャ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ス窶堙淪?ス窶堋「窶堙坂?厖懌?堋オ窶堋ュ窶妊窶ーz窶堋キ窶堙ゥツ青ウ窶懌?凪?藩懌?ーv窶堙ー窶琶ナ津ャ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ス窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙遺?堙??愿≫?冓窶堙固ス窶督湘ョ窶堙娯?堙遺?堋「ナ津?窶堙ィツ、窶佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙個人ナ?iナ陳?窶堙ーツ侵ナ?Q窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶「s窶邸窶堙按行ヒ?冷?堙?陳セ窶堋、窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙??堋?窶堙ゥツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶。A窶督ッナス窶毒ス窶毒陳鞘?堙戸?ェ窶「テサ窶堙娯?懌?毒ス窶毒ステ停?堙個湘倪?ケ窶卩津??堙溪?堙??堋「窶堋、窶堙ヲ窶堋、窶堙闇ス窶樞?廬窶藩懌?ーv窶堙娯?堙昶?堙??堙債、窶督「窶堋セヒ?ェ窶敕岩?廬窶堙俄?堋ア窶堙ェ窶堙ーツ青ウ窶懌?凪?ーツサ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堙??堋ォ窶堙遺?堋「ツ。ツ従窶堙≫?堙?、窶佚射彙窶堙娯?佛?ナスティ窶「テサ窶堙娯?慊ッヒ?凪?堙娯?堙遺?堋「窶督ウ窶冉ヒ弯窶ーツケニ弾ツーニ致窶堙坂?「s窶邸ナスティ窶冓窶堙?ステサツ集窶堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堋スツ湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙?陳セ窶堋、窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙?、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶邸窶凖ャ窶堙俄?堋ィ窶堋「窶堙??堋ア窶堙ェ窶堙ーツ湘倪?ケ窶吮?堙??堋オ窶堙??ケ窶凪?覇窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙坂?亙ツ湘猟湘」窶堙個信窶ケ`窶伉・ツ、ナ津カツ青ウ窶堙固陳エ窶伉・窶堙俄?敖ス窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??ーテー窶堋キ窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙??堋?窶堙ゥツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋ア窶堙ェ窶堋ェ窶怒窶藩??堙個「ナ陳エ窶伉・ヒ彑ツ」窶堙遺?堙娯?堋セ窶堙ォ窶堋、窶堙?ス窶樞?堙?ナスv窶堋「窶堙懌?堋キ窶堋ェツ、窶堋サ窶堙固津」ツ、窶堙ヲ窶堙ィツ湘」窶ケ窶ーツ催吮?敖サツ焦?窶堋ゥ窶堙ァナスツヲ窶堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堋ス窶「ツ。ツ絶?昶?堙娯?敖サ窶冉窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋ア窶堙娯?敖サナスツヲ窶堙ー窶「ツ「窶堋キ窶堙?窶堙娯?堙??堋キツ。ツ従窶堙≫?堙?陳サツ催昶?堙??堙債、窶堋ア窶堙娯?敖サ窶氾。窶堙ーナスxナスツ昶?堋キ窶堙ゥ窶敖サ窶冉窶堙債、窶堙懌?堋クヒ?冷?堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堙遺?堋「窶堙?窶堙娯?堙?スv窶堙ュ窶堙ェ窶堙懌?堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋ス窶堋セツ「窶ーツス窶堙??堙?窶堋ゥ窶堙ア窶堙??堙?窶嗜窶嗚ツ」窶堙??堙坂?堙遺?堋ュツ、ツ「ツ慎ツ重窶堙可行窶堋、ツ/ヒ?オ窶堋、窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙?窶堙個」窶堙??堙娯?ーテコ窶堙溪?堙??堋オ窶堙?心窶堙可債鞘?堙ア窶堙??堋ィ窶堋ュ窶堙冷?堋ォ窶堙??堋オ窶堙・窶堋、ツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ?停?ーテッヒ彙ヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙嫁スg窶廃窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶ケ@ツ催楪≫?
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ニ断ニ淡ニ耽ニ停?ケヒ弯窶ーツケ窶ケ@ツ催樞?堙債 窶ーツケツ青コ窶堙娯?ーテ?工窶堋ェ窶堙??堋ォ窶堙ゥ窶堋ゥ窶堙ァニ胆ニ陳? 窶堙??堋「窶堋、ヒ?毒陳ゥ窶堙ー窶「ツキ窶堋「窶堋ス窶堋ア窶堙??堋ェ窶堋?窶堙ィ窶堙懌?堋キ窶堋ェツ、ナス窶樞?堙債渉ャナ耽窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶喇窶喘ニ椎槌坦ツーニ胆ツー窶堙ーナスg窶廃窶堋オ窶堙懌?堋オ窶堋スツ。窶愿?窶覇窶ーテシ窶堋エ窶堙ア窶堋ェ窶堙遺?堋「ナ津?窶堙ィツ、ニ断ニ淡ニ耽ニ停?ケヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堋ェ窶督ウナ津ク窶堙??堋ウ窶堙ェ窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堙坂?督ウ窶堋「窶堙ヲ窶堋、窶堙??堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ヒ弯窶ーツケ窶ーテや?拿ナスナセナ?テ披?堋ェ窶卍キ窶堋「窶堋ア窶堙?(窶啜ナスナセナ?テ藩?按湘」ツ)ツ、ツ催ャ窶慊ョ窶ーツケ窶堋ェ窶堋オ窶堙遺?堋「窶堋ア窶堙?、窶ーツス窶堙ヲ窶堙ィ窶堙?ツ渉ャナ耽窶堙??堋?窶堙ゥ窶堋ア窶堙??堋ェツ催??佚・窶堙娯?藩懌?彑窶堙??堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶ーテッヒ彙窶堋ェ窶堋、窶堙懌?堋ュヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙??堋ォ窶堙ゥ窶堙娯?堙哉湛ニ弾ニ椎槌棚ヒ弯窶ーツケニ耽ニ辰ニ致ツ。ツ債カ窶ーE窶「テサナ津シ窶堙娯?ーツケ窶堙ー窶「テ環々窶堙可拾窶堋、窶堙娯?堙?、ニ停?堡知ニ停?ーニ停?ケニ耽ニ辰ニ致窶堙ヲ窶堙ィニ誰ニ椎?ニ但窶堙
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙??堋ォ窶堙ゥ窶堙ヲ窶堋、窶堙??堋キツ。窶堙懌?堋スツ、ナ津」窶堙娯?ーテ?工ツ(窶ーツケ窶氾岩?堙戸?ウツ縮窶堙遺?堙?)ツ、ニ稚ニ叩ニ辰ニ停?ケヒ?壺?慊ョツ(ニ恥ニ箪ニ坦ニ停?懌?堙??オ窶堋、/窶喘窶喞窶堙家坦ニ痴ツーツ)窶堙遺?堙??堙ー
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ考窶板カ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堙?、窶嗟窶嗤窶啌窶堙遺?堙?恥ニ箪ニ坦ニ停?懌?堙??オ窶堋ヲ窶堙ゥニ稚ニ叩ニ辰ニ停?ケナ蛋ナスツョ窶堙?弯窶ーツケ窶堙??堋ォ窶堙ゥニ耽ニ辰ニ致窶堙ー窶堋ィナ?ツゥ窶堙溪?堋オ窶堙懌?堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶伉ス窶堋ュ窶堙娯?ケ@ツ催樞?堋ェ窶愿?スツゥ窶堙戸?ウツ縮ニ稚ニ叩ニ辰ニ停?ケナ蛋ナスツョ窶堙??「テ帚?伉カ窶堋キ窶堙ゥ窶堙ヲ窶堋、窶堙??堋キ窶堙娯?堙?、窶堋イ窶廃ヒ?凪?堋キ窶堙ゥツ催帚?堙坂?堋ィナ?m窶堋ゥ窶堙溪?堋ュ窶堋セ窶堋ウ窶堋「ツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ?ヲ窶愿?スツゥナ蛋ナスツョ窶堙戸弯窶ーツケニ耽ニ辰ニ致窶堙??堙?ツ、ツ静ェ窶廃ツ(窶弸窶「tツ)窶堙姑箪ニ稚ニ暖窶堙ーナスg窶堋ヲ窶堙寂?嗟窶嗤窶啌窶堙遺?堙??堙??慊ッ窶堋カ窶堙ヲ窶堋、窶堙架?オ窶堋ヲ窶堙懌?堋キ窶堋ェツ、
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶敕??廃ツ青ォ窶堙嫁停?。窶堋ッ窶堙ゥ窶堙??堋オ窶堙・窶堋、ツ。窶ケt窶堙架弯窶ーツケナスナセナ?テ披?堙坂?嗟窶嗤窶啌ヒ弯窶ーツケナ蛋ナスツョ窶ケ@ツ催樞?堙ヲ窶堙ィ窶堙?窶卍キ窶堋「窶堙ヲ窶堋、窶堙??堋キツ。
ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ ツ 窶堋ア窶堙ェ窶堙ァ窶ケ@ツ催樞?堙固ステ?窶昶?樞?ーツソナ?i窶堙債 \5,000窶楼ナ津」ツ〜\10,000窶凖カ窶忸ツ 窶堋ゥ窶堙?スv窶堋「窶堙懌?堋キツ。
And the case you stated, 窶佚・窶「ツェ窶冢ツ催卍 S46-11-8 seems to be one of the only cases where a judge has considered it so. And as it is written here, many judges have since overturned this decision in a higher court.
The key words are clearly stated, "窶敖スナステ絶?ーテッ窶廬" and "窶佚射彙ナステ停?堙??堙固?テ滅淡窶堙??堙? etc.

Even in case "ツ静ァ窶杯窶冢ツ催卍 H3-3-29" the judge clearly states "窶敕ゥ窶督ァヒ弯窶ーツケ窶堙最陳エ窶伉・窶堙??堋オ窶堙??。窶邸窶堙??堙坂?堙遺?堋「".

Link,
"ナ炭ナス窶督債絶?亙"
 
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